Conservation volunteers’ experiences of connecting with nature during the COVID-19 pandemic: an interpretative phenomenological analysis

Journal article


Furlong, R., Hallam, J. and Barnes, C. 2024. Conservation volunteers’ experiences of connecting with nature during the COVID-19 pandemic: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Discover Psychology. 4 (30), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44202-024-00144-3
AuthorsFurlong, R., Hallam, J. and Barnes, C.
Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant negative implications for individual wellbeing and many people accessed green spaces to help them cope with the demands of national lockdown restrictions. In response, the current study used Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to investigate the experiences of ten UK based nature volunteers whose activities had been disrupted due to the UK COVID-19 lockdowns throughout 2020. Each nature volunteer participated in a semi-structured interview held on a virtual platform which invited them to explore their experiences in nature during the pandemic. Analysis identified three main themes. ‘Sensations of nature’ explored the sense of presence and oneness with nature that the volunteers felt when mindfully engaging with the sensations found in nature. ‘Stability from nature’ investigated the ways in which the volunteers found meaning in nature and the sense of comfort, stability and hope this provided. Finally, ‘Changing relationships with nature’ examined the greater environmental awareness that the volunteers experienced and the ways in which this led to a desire to give back to nature. It is argued that mindful engagement with nature enhances a sense of personal wellbeing and cultivates a connection to nature which encourages environmental concern.

KeywordsCOVID-19; Interpretative phenomenological analysis; Nature connectedness; Conservation; Wellbeing
Year2024
JournalDiscover Psychology
Journal citation4 (30), pp. 1-11
PublisherSpringer
ISSN2731-4537
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1007/s44202-024-00144-3
Web address (URL)https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44202-024-00144-3
Accepted author manuscript
File Access Level
Open
Publisher's version
License
File Access Level
Open
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online31 Mar 2024
Publication process dates
Accepted23 Mar 2024
Deposited12 Apr 2024
Permalink -

https://repository.derby.ac.uk/item/q574x/conservation-volunteers-experiences-of-connecting-with-nature-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-an-interpretative-phenomenological-analysis

Download files


Publisher's version
s44202-024-00144-3.pdf
License: CC BY 4.0
File access level: Open

  • 40
    total views
  • 2
    total downloads
  • 22
    views this month
  • 1
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

‘It was a whole other world’: the impact of residential outdoor trips on nature connectedness and wellbeing in young people
Holland, F., C. Harvey, E. Ferris, R. Furlong and S. Gibson 2024. ‘It was a whole other world’: the impact of residential outdoor trips on nature connectedness and wellbeing in young people. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning. pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2024.2350972
Psychometric testing of the Chinese version of the Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-Efficacy Scale among postpartum women
Zhong, X., Barnes, C., Adamson-Macedo, E.N., Li, X., Guo, X., He, T., Li, D., Li, Z., Wang, B. and Wu, H. 2024. Psychometric testing of the Chinese version of the Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-Efficacy Scale among postpartum women. Child: Care, Health & Development. 50 (3). https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.13267
Connecting Families with Nature: A Nature Connectedness Activity Handbook
Holland, F., Harvey, C. and Barnes, C. 2024. Connecting Families with Nature: A Nature Connectedness Activity Handbook.
A report highlighting the experiences of peer supporters who deliver, and parents who receive, one-to-one perinatal peer support through Connected CIC
Dace, A., Barnes, C. and Montague, J. 2024. A report highlighting the experiences of peer supporters who deliver, and parents who receive, one-to-one perinatal peer support through Connected CIC. Derby University of Derby. https://doi.org/10.48773/q4w64
The applicability of nature-based interventions to support mothers’ postnatal wellbeing: A conceptual review
Hall, K., Barnes, C., Duggan, L., Walton, S., Moran, P., Turner, K. and Evans, J. 2024. The applicability of nature-based interventions to support mothers’ postnatal wellbeing: A conceptual review. Wellbeing, Space and Society. 6, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wss.2024.100187
Development and testing of the Night Sky Connectedness Index (NSCI)
Barnes, C. and Passmore, H. 2024. Development and testing of the Night Sky Connectedness Index (NSCI). Journal of Environmental Psychology. 93, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102198
Co-designing a nature-based intervention to promote postnatal mental health for mothers and their infants: a complex intervention development study in England
Hall, K., Evans, J., Roberts, R., Brown, R., Duggan, L., Williamson, M., Moran, P., Turner, K. and Barnes, C. 2023. Co-designing a nature-based intervention to promote postnatal mental health for mothers and their infants: a complex intervention development study in England. BMJ Open. 13 (12), pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075366
Understanding the attitudes towards breastfeeding amongst staff and students in a UK higher institutional setting–a mixed-method cross-sectional study
Jackson, J., Hallam, J., Griffiths, A., Leverton, J. and Safari, R. 2023. Understanding the attitudes towards breastfeeding amongst staff and students in a UK higher institutional setting–a mixed-method cross-sectional study. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education . pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/14635240.2023.2273263
Exploring the healthcare experiences and support needs of chestfeeding or breastfeeding for trans and non-binary parents based in the United Kingdom
Jackson, J., Wild, R., Hallam, J., Graves. R, Woodstein B. J. and Stothard. P. 2023. Exploring the healthcare experiences and support needs of chestfeeding or breastfeeding for trans and non-binary parents based in the United Kingdom. International Journal of Transgender Health. pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2023.2265371
Measuring categorisation in pre-school children: new toolkit, new insights
Owen, K., Barnes, C., Hunt, T. and Sheffield, D. 2023. Measuring categorisation in pre-school children: new toolkit, new insights. Journal of Human Growth and Development. 33 (2), pp. 184-193. https://doi.org/10.36311/jhgd.v33.14750
Abusive Relationships Within The Family
Twigg, E. and Barnes, C. 2023. Abusive Relationships Within The Family. in: Owen, K. and Barnes, C. (ed.) Family Relationships in the Early Years London SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England.
Parenting Of The Preterm Newborn During Hospital And Childhood
Barnes, C. 2023. Parenting Of The Preterm Newborn During Hospital And Childhood. in: Owen, K. and Barnes, C. (ed.) Family Relationships in the Early Years London SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England.
Modern Parenting: Ideologies, Identity & Experiences
Simmons, H. and Barnes, C. 2023. Modern Parenting: Ideologies, Identity & Experiences. in: Owen, K. and Barnes, C. (ed.) Family Relationships in the Early Years London SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England.
Attachment and Attachment Disorders within the Family
Barnes, C. and Owen, K. 2023. Attachment and Attachment Disorders within the Family. in: Owen, K. and Barnes, C. (ed.) Family Relationships in the Early Years London SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England.
Developmental Theories and the Family
Barnes, C. 2023. Developmental Theories and the Family. in: Barnes, C. and Owen, K. (ed.) Family Relationships in the Early Years London and LA SAGE Publishing.
Classic Parenting Theories
Barnes, C. and Owen, K. 2023. Classic Parenting Theories. in: Barnes, C. and Owen, K. (ed.) Family Relationships in the Early Years London and LA SAGE Publishing.
Evaluation Report for Generation Green. Assessing the Impact of Short Residential Courses for Young People.
Holland, F., Harvey, C., Gibson, S. and Furlong, R. 2023. Evaluation Report for Generation Green. Assessing the Impact of Short Residential Courses for Young People. Derby, UK. University of Derby.
Evaluation Report for Generation Green. Assessing the Impact of Single Day Short Courses for Young People
Holland, F., Harvey, C. and Furlong, R. 2023. Evaluation Report for Generation Green. Assessing the Impact of Single Day Short Courses for Young People. Derby, UK. University of Derby.
Young Wardens’ Voices: An Evaluation Report for Suffolk Wildlife Trust.
Holland, F., Harvey, C. and Furlong, R. 2023. Young Wardens’ Voices: An Evaluation Report for Suffolk Wildlife Trust. Derby, UK. University of Derby.
Exploring the lived experiences of mothers of extremely preterm infants within the UK: An interpretative phenomenological analysis
Robinson, S, Williams, S., Hallam, J. and Jackson, J. 2023. Exploring the lived experiences of mothers of extremely preterm infants within the UK: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of health visiting. 11 (2), pp. 74-81. https://doi.org/10.12968/johv.2023.11.2.72
Mothers’ accounts of the impact of being in nature on postnatal wellbeing: a focus group study
Hall, K., Evans, J., Roberts, R., Barnes, C. and Turner, K. 2023. Mothers’ accounts of the impact of being in nature on postnatal wellbeing: a focus group study. BMC Women's Health. 23 (32), pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-023-02165-x
Wild Wellbeing Hub. An Evaluation Report for Derbyshire Wildlife Trust.
Harvey, C., Holland, F. and Furlong, R. 2022. Wild Wellbeing Hub. An Evaluation Report for Derbyshire Wildlife Trust. Derby, UK. University of Derby.
Wild at Heart. An Evaluation Report for Sheffield and Rotherham Wildlife Trust
Harvey, C., Holland, F. and Furlong, R. 2022. Wild at Heart. An Evaluation Report for Sheffield and Rotherham Wildlife Trust. Derby, UK. University of Derby.
Natural Connections. An Evaluation Report for Birmingham and the Black Country Wildlife Trust
Harvey, C., Holland, F. and Furlong, R. 2022. Natural Connections. An Evaluation Report for Birmingham and the Black Country Wildlife Trust. Derby, UK University of Derby.
Creating Nature Networks in North Manchester. An Evaluation Report for The Wildlife Trust for Lancashire, Manchester and North Merseyside.
Harvey, C., Holland, F. and Furlong, R. 2022. Creating Nature Networks in North Manchester. An Evaluation Report for The Wildlife Trust for Lancashire, Manchester and North Merseyside. Derby, UK University of Derby.
A summary report of the four Wildlife Trust projects funded by Cadent
Harvey, C., Holland, F. and Furlong, R. 2022. A summary report of the four Wildlife Trust projects funded by Cadent. Derby, UK University of Derby.
A narrative synthesis using the ecological systems theory for understanding a woman’s ability to continue breastfeeding
Jackson, J., Safari, R. and Hallam, J. 2022. A narrative synthesis using the ecological systems theory for understanding a woman’s ability to continue breastfeeding. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/14635240.2022.2098162
Understanding the impact of newborn touch upon mothers of hospitalized preterm neonates.
Barnes, C. and Adamson-Macedo, Elvidina N. 2022. Understanding the impact of newborn touch upon mothers of hospitalized preterm neonates. Journal of Human Growth and Development. 32 (2), pp. 294-301. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36311/jhgd.v32.13322
“I’m not the best at art”: An exploration of children's growing sense of artistry within an outdoor, arts-based intervention
Hallam, J., Gallagher, L and Owen, K. 2022. “I’m not the best at art”: An exploration of children's growing sense of artistry within an outdoor, arts-based intervention. Thinking Skills and Creativity. 44, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2022.101038
An exploration of partners’ experiences of breastfeeding beyond 1 year
Jackson, J. and Hallam, J. 2022. An exploration of partners’ experiences of breastfeeding beyond 1 year. Journal of health visiting. 10 (4). https://doi.org/10.12968/johv.2022.10.4.161
An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis exploring the experiences of mothers who relate to the term ‘Gender Disappointment’
Young, Nina, Hallam, Jenny, Jackson, Jessica, Barnes, Christopher and Montague, Jane 2021. An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis exploring the experiences of mothers who relate to the term ‘Gender Disappointment’. Journal of health visiting. https://doi.org/10.12968/johv.2021.9.11.470
‘I don’t wanna go. I’m staying. This is my home now.’ Analysis of an intervention for connecting young people to urban nature.
Hallam, Jenny, Gallagher, Laurel and Harvey, Caroline 2021. ‘I don’t wanna go. I’m staying. This is my home now.’ Analysis of an intervention for connecting young people to urban nature. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127341
‘It’s quite a taboo subject’: an investigation of mother’s experiences of breastfeeding beyond infancy and the challenges they face
Jackson, Jessica and Hallam, Jenny 2021. ‘It’s quite a taboo subject’: an investigation of mother’s experiences of breastfeeding beyond infancy and the challenges they face. Women and Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2021.1938790
The Role of Play in Child Development
Owen, K. and Barnes, C. 2021. The Role of Play in Child Development. in: Owen, K. (ed.) Play in the Early Years London SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England.
Negative self-referential emotions and mental health in youth: The importance of self-criticism.
Ashra, H., Barnes, C., Stupple, E. and Maratos, F. 2021. Negative self-referential emotions and mental health in youth: The importance of self-criticism. Current Research In Psychiatry . 1 (4), pp. 63-67.
The secret language of flowers: insights from an outdoor, arts-based intervention designed to connect primary school children to locally accessible nature
Hallam, Jenny, Gallagher, Laurel and Owen, Kay 2021. The secret language of flowers: insights from an outdoor, arts-based intervention designed to connect primary school children to locally accessible nature. Environmental education research. 28 (1), pp. 128-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2021.1994926
Development and testing of the Nature Connectedness Parental Self-Efficacy (NCPSE) scale
Barnes, Christopher, Holland, Fiona G., Harvey, Caroline and Wall, S. 2021. Development and testing of the Nature Connectedness Parental Self-Efficacy (NCPSE) scale. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening. 65 (2021), pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127343
A systematic review of self-report measures of negative self-referential emotions developed for non-clinical child and adolescent samples
Ashra, Hajra, Barnes, Christopher, Stupple, Edward and Maratos, Frances A. 2021. A systematic review of self-report measures of negative self-referential emotions developed for non-clinical child and adolescent samples. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-020-00339-9
Against all odds—why UK mothers’ breastfeeding beyond infancy are turning to their international peers for emotional and informative support
Jackson, Jessica and Hallam, Jenny 2020. Against all odds—why UK mothers’ breastfeeding beyond infancy are turning to their international peers for emotional and informative support. Informa UK Limited. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2020.1744147
Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the perceived maternal parenting self-efficacy (PMP S-E) tool for primiparous women
Vargas‑Porras, Carolina, Roa‑Díaz, Zayne Milena, Barnes, Christopher, Adamson-Macedo, Elvidina N., Ferré‑Grau, Carme and De-Molina-Fernandez, Maria Inmaculada 2020. Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the perceived maternal parenting self-efficacy (PMP S-E) tool for primiparous women. Maternal and Child Health Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-019-02860-y
Opening doors to nature: Bringing calm and raising aspirations of vulnerable young people through nature-based intervention
Hallam, Jenny, Richardson, Miles, Richardson, Elizabeth and Ferguson, Fiona 2019. Opening doors to nature: Bringing calm and raising aspirations of vulnerable young people through nature-based intervention. The Humanistic Psychologist. https://doi.org/10.1037/hum0000148
'I felt like I was doing something wrong': A qualitative exploration of mothers' experiences of breastfeeding
Jackson, Jessica and Hallam, Jenny 2019. 'I felt like I was doing something wrong': A qualitative exploration of mothers' experiences of breastfeeding. Journal of health visiting. https://doi.org/10.12968/johv.2019.7.4.166
Evaluation of a compassionate mind training intervention with school teachers and support staff
Maratos, Frances, Montague, Jane, Ashra, Hajra, Welford, Mary, Wood, Wendy, Barnes, Christopher, Sheffield, David and Gilbert, Paul 2019. Evaluation of a compassionate mind training intervention with school teachers and support staff. Mindfulness. 10, p. 2245–2258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01185-9
The development of categorization in early childhood: a review
Owen, K. and Barnes, Christopher 2019. The development of categorization in early childhood: a review. Early Child Development and Care. 191 (1), pp. 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2019.1608193
The good things children notice in nature: An extended framework for reconnecting children with nature.
Harvey, C., Hallam, J., Richardson, M. and Wells, R. 2019. The good things children notice in nature: An extended framework for reconnecting children with nature. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening. 49, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126573
Empowering women through the positive birth movement.
Hallam, Jenny, Howard, Christopher, Locke, Abigail and Thomas, Melissa 2018. Empowering women through the positive birth movement. Journal of Gender Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2018.1469972
The physiological and emotional effects of touch: Assessing a hand-massage intervention with high self-critics
Maratos, Frances A., Duarte, Joana, Barnes, Christopher, McEwan, Kirsten, Sheffield, David and Gilbert, Paul 2017. The physiological and emotional effects of touch: Assessing a hand-massage intervention with high self-critics. Psychiatry Research. 250, pp. 221-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.066
An exploration of children's experiences of art in the classroom
Hallam, Jenny, Hewitt, Des and Buxton, Sarah 2014. An exploration of children's experiences of art in the classroom. International Journal of Art & Design Education. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-8070.2014.12022.x
An analysis of the presentation of art in the British primary school curriculum and its implications for teaching
Hallam, Jenny, Lee, Helen A. N. and Gupta, Mani Das 2007. An analysis of the presentation of art in the British primary school curriculum and its implications for teaching. International Journal of Art & Design Education. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-8070.2007.00530.x
Drawings as memory aids: optimising the drawing method to facilitate young children’s recall
Barlow, Claire, Jolley, Richard P. and Hallam, Jenny 2010. Drawings as memory aids: optimising the drawing method to facilitate young children’s recall. Applied Cognitive Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1716
Governing the souls of young women: exploring the perspectives of mothers on parenting in the age of sexualisation
Howard, Chris, Hallam, Jenny and Brady, Katie 2014. Governing the souls of young women: exploring the perspectives of mothers on parenting in the age of sexualisation. Journal of Gender Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2014.952714
An investigation into the ways in which art is taught in an English Waldorf Steiner school
Hallam, Jenny, Egan, Susan and Kirkham, Julie 2015. An investigation into the ways in which art is taught in an English Waldorf Steiner school. Thinking Skills and Creativity. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2015.07.003
Collaborative cognition: Co-creating children's artwork in an educational context
Hallam, Jenny, Lee, Helen A. N. and Das Gupta, Mani 2014. Collaborative cognition: Co-creating children's artwork in an educational context. Theory & Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354314526088
An exploration of primary school teachers’ understanding of art and the place of art in the primary school curriculum
Hallam, Jenny, Das Gupta, Mani and Lee, Helen A. N. 2008. An exploration of primary school teachers’ understanding of art and the place of art in the primary school curriculum. Curriculum Journal. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585170802509856
Shaping children's artwork in English primary classes: insights from teacher–child interaction during art activities
Hallam, Jenny, Das Gupta, Mani and Lee, Helen A. N. 2011. Shaping children's artwork in English primary classes: insights from teacher–child interaction during art activities. International Journal of Early Years Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2011.629489
Multiple interpretations of child art–the importance of context and perspective.
Hallam, Jenny, Lee, Helen A. N. and Das Gupta, Mani 2012. Multiple interpretations of child art–the importance of context and perspective. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025793
Communicating choice: an exploration of mothers’ experiences of birth
Hallam, Jenny, Howard, Chris, Locke, Abigail and Thomas, Melissa 2016. Communicating choice: an exploration of mothers’ experiences of birth. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2015.1119260
Parental self-efficacy in managing food allergy and mental health predicts food allergy related quality of life
Knibb, Rebecca C., Barnes, Christopher and Stalker, C. 2016. Parental self-efficacy in managing food allergy and mental health predicts food allergy related quality of life. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12569
Validation of the English version of the scale for psychosocial factors in food allergy and the relationship with mental health, quality of life, and self-efficacy
Knibb, Rebecca C., Cortes, Aaron, Barnes, Christopher and Stalker, C. 2016. Validation of the English version of the scale for psychosocial factors in food allergy and the relationship with mental health, quality of life, and self-efficacy. Journal of Allergy. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4850940
Validação da escala percepção de autoeficácia daparentalidade materna em amostra brasileira
Adamson-Macedo, Elvidina N., Tristao, Rosana, Neiva , Elaine and Barnes, Christopher 2015. Validação da escala percepção de autoeficácia daparentalidade materna em amostra brasileira. Journal of Human Growth and Development. https://doi.org/10.7322/jhgd.96759
Do therapeutic imagery practices affect physiological and emotional indicators of threat in high self-critics?
Duarte, Joana, McEwan, Kirsten, Barnes, Christopher, Gilbert, Paul and Maratos, Frances A. 2015. Do therapeutic imagery practices affect physiological and emotional indicators of threat in high self-critics? Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12043
Parental confidence in managing food allergy: development and validation of the food allergy self-efficacy scale for parents (FASE-P)
Knibb, Rebecca C., Barnes, Christopher and Stalker, C. 2015. Parental confidence in managing food allergy: development and validation of the food allergy self-efficacy scale for parents (FASE-P). Clinical & Experimental Allergy. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12599
Exploring the psychological rewards of a familiar semirural landscape: connecting to local nature through a mindful approach
Richardson, Miles and Hallam, Jenny 2013. Exploring the psychological rewards of a familiar semirural landscape: connecting to local nature through a mindful approach. The Humanistic Psychologist. https://doi.org/10.1080/08873267.2012.732156
Breastfeeding Experiences of Women Who have Survived Intimate Partner Violence
Stephanie Allen, Sophie Williams, Jenny Hallam and Jackson, J. 2012. Breastfeeding Experiences of Women Who have Survived Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of health visiting. 11 (5). https://doi.org/10.12968/johv.2023.11.5.204
Perceived maternal parenting self-efficacy (PMP S-E) tool: development and validation with mothers of hospitalized preterm neonates.
Barnes, Christopher and Adamson-Macedo, Elvidina N. 2007. Perceived maternal parenting self-efficacy (PMP S-E) tool: development and validation with mothers of hospitalized preterm neonates. Journal of Advanced Nursing.. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04445.x
Grasping and fingering (active or haptic touch) in healthy newborns
Adamson-Macedo, E.N. and Barnes, C. 2004. Grasping and fingering (active or haptic touch) in healthy newborns. Neuroendocrinology Letters. 25 (SUPPL. 1), pp. 157 - 168.
Perceived parenting self-efficacy (PMP S-E) of mothers who are breastfeeding hospitalised preterm neonates
Barnes, C.R. and Adamson-Macedo, E.N. 2004. Perceived parenting self-efficacy (PMP S-E) of mothers who are breastfeeding hospitalised preterm neonates. Neuroendocrinology Letters. 25 (SUPPL. 1), pp. 95-102.