Effect of the printing orientation on the yield surface and its evolution reflecting plastic pre-deformation of additively manufactured stainless steel 316L

Journal article

Dubey, V. P., Kopec, M., Przygucka, D.P, Pawlik, M., Wood, P. and Kowalewski, Z. L. 2025. Effect of the printing orientation on the yield surface and its evolution reflecting plastic pre-deformation of additively manufactured stainless steel 316L. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-025-16296-y
AuthorsDubey, V. P., Kopec, M., Przygucka, D.P, Pawlik, M., Wood, P. and Kowalewski, Z. L.
Abstract

This study explores the influence of printing orientation on the yield surface characteristics and their evolution under plastic
pre-deformation in additively manufactured (AM) stainless steel 316L produced via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). Tubular specimens were fabricated in three orientations (XY, ZX, and Z) and subjected to multi-axial loading to experimentally
determine initial and subsequent yield surfaces using a single-specimen probing approach. The yield surfaces were derived
at two offset strain definitions (0.001% and 0.005%) and further analyzed after tensile pre-deformations of 0.35%, 0.5%,
and 0.8%. Results revealed strong anisotropy in the AM specimens, with the Z-oriented samples displaying the lowest yield
strength and most significant softening. In contrast, the XY and ZX orientations exhibited higher resistance to plastic deformation. The wrought SS316L showed superior mechanical performance. The evolution of yield surfaces highlighted the
orientation-dependent hardening/softening mechanisms and directional stress redistribution. Electron backscatter diffraction
(EBSD) analysis revealed that the microstructural anisotropy and grain morphology—particularly the presence of columnar
grains in the Z-oriented samples—correlate strongly with the observed mechanical anisotropy and yield surface asymmetry.

KeywordsStainless steel; Yield surface; Additive manufacturing; Laser powder bed fusion melting (LPBF-M)
Year2025
JournalThe International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
PublisherSpringer
ISSN1433-3015
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-025-16296-y
Web address (URL)https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00170-025-16296-y
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Open
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online16 Aug 2025
Publication process dates
Accepted01 Aug 2025
Deposited05 Sep 2025
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