Analysis of morphological impacts on cooling effects of urban water bodies in five cities of zhejiang

Urban water bodies play a critical role in regulating urban climate, mitigating the urban heat island effect, and enhancing ecological environments. This study focuses on five typical heat island cities in Zhejiang Province, systematically analyzing the cooling effects of urban water bodies. Specifically, the study divides urban buffer zones into basic analytical units based on the urban road network and performs land surface temperature inversion and land use classification using the Google Earth Engine platform. Six representative morphology indicators of water bodies are selected, and the contributions of these indicators to the cooling effects of urban water bodies are evaluated using a Gradient Boosting Decision Tree regression model. Additionally, optimization strategies for water bodies in different cities are proposed. The results show the following: (1) Water bodies in central urban areas generally exhibit significant cooling effects, with the average land surface temperature reduction in water bodies exceeding 5.13 °C compared to built-up areas in all cities. (2) The average land surface temperature in urban buffer zones is generally higher than that in central urban areas, with a temperature difference of at least 0.63 °C. (3) In Huzhou and Jiaxing, the high-temperature and low-temperature zones are relatively concentrated, while in Jinhua, Quzhou, and Shaoxing, a more interspersed distribution of high-temperature and low-temperature zones is observed, reflecting a higher spatial heterogeneity. (4) Among the water body morphology indicators, the water edge density, the proportion of landscape area occupied by water patches, the largest patch index of water, and the water landscape shape index exert a relatively larger impact on cooling effects. These findings provide scientific guidance for optimizing the spatial layout of water bodies in urban buffer zones and improving urban thermal environments.