Environment friendly dual-frequency ultrasonic exfoliation of few-layer graphene

Journal article


Anastasia V. Tyurnina, Justin A. Morton, Tungky Subroto, Mohammad Khavari, Barbara Maciejewska, Jiawei Mi, Nicole Grobert, Kyriakos Porfyrakis, Iakovos Tzanakis and Dmitry G. Eskin 2021. Environment friendly dual-frequency ultrasonic exfoliation of few-layer graphene. Carbon. 185, pp. 536-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.09.036
AuthorsAnastasia V. Tyurnina, Justin A. Morton, Tungky Subroto, Mohammad Khavari, Barbara Maciejewska, Jiawei Mi, Nicole Grobert, Kyriakos Porfyrakis, Iakovos Tzanakis and Dmitry G. Eskin
Abstract

Ultrasound-aided liquid phase exfoliation (ULPE) of graphene in pure water is environment-friendly. Two limiting factors of ULPE are the non-uniform thickness of few-layer graphene (FLG) and a relatively low graphene yield. Here we describe ULPE in water that enables us to produce FLG flakes with a thickness of 3 layers and the flake sizes exceeding 1 μm2 in just 2 h. This process is based on using a combination of two ultrasound sources of high and low frequencies: 1174 kHz and 20 kHz. Two different frequencies generate a wider population and size distribution of cavitation bubbles that act through a number of mechanisms towards the exfoliation of graphene. For the first time ULPE was characterized by acoustic measurements. Results show that a high graphene yield (10%) can be achieved. This study demonstrates that the use of a dual frequency ultrasonic source and control of acoustic pressure is critical in optimizing the quality and yield of the cavitation assisted LPE of graphene in pure water. It is suggested that the width of the acoustic pressure peak reflecting shock-wave emissions can be used as an indicator of ULPE completeness, opening for the first time a way of in-situ monitoring of the process.

KeywordsGraphene; Acoustic pressure; Ultrasonic exfoliation; Shock wave emission
Year2021
JournalCarbon
Journal citation185, pp. 536-545
PublisherElsevier
ISSN0008-6223
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.09.036
Web address (URL)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.09.036
Output statusPublished
Publication dates22 Sep 2021
Publication process dates
Accepted15 Sep 2021
Deposited30 Nov 2022
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https://repository.derby.ac.uk/item/9v9v5/environment-friendly-dual-frequency-ultrasonic-exfoliation-of-few-layer-graphene

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