Blood Biomarkers of Long COVID: A Systematic Review

Journal article

Callum Thomas, Mark A. Faghy, Corinna Chidley, Bethan E. Phillips, Thomas Bewick and Ruth E Ashton 2024. Blood Biomarkers of Long COVID: A Systematic Review. Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy. pp. 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40291-024-00731-z
AuthorsCallum Thomas, Mark A. Faghy, Corinna Chidley, Bethan E. Phillips, Thomas Bewick and Ruth E Ashton
Abstract

Long coronavirus disease (COVID; LC) affects millions of people worldwide. The exact mechanisms which result in a broad, undulating and detrimental symptom profile remain unknown. Blood biomarkers associated with LC have been described; however, consensus on these remains elusive, in part due to a lack of continuity between studies on a universally accepted definition of LC. This systematic review aimed to consolidate current knowledge of blood biomarkers associated with the prevalence of LC on the basis of the World Health Organisation (WHO) clinical definition of this condition. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: Observational, cross-sectional, and randomised control studies published in the English language that studied blood biomarkers associated with the WHO definition of LC. All studies included participants who were ≥ 18 years old and group sizes ≥ 10 participants, and were compared against a control group without any known co-morbidities.

KeywordsLong coronavirus disease ; Blood biomarkers ; Covid-19
Year2024
JournalMolecular Diagnosis & Therapy
Journal citationpp. 1-38
PublisherSpringer
ISSN1179-2000
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1007/s40291-024-00731-z
Web address (URL)https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/publications/blood-biomarkers-of-long-covid-a-systematic-review
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40291-024-00731-z
Output statusPublished
Publication dates05 Aug 2024
Publication process dates
Deposited16 Aug 2024
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The need for exercise sciences and an integrated response to COVID-19: A position statement from the international HL-PIVOT network
Arena, Ross, Stoner, Lee, Haraf, Rebecca H., Josephson, Richard, Hills, Andrew P., Dixit, Snehil, Popovic, Dejana, Smith, Andy, Myers, Jonathan, Bacon, Simon L., Niebauer, Josef, Dourado, Victor Z., Babu, Abraham S., Maden-Wilkinson, Thomas M., Copeland, Robert J., Gough, Lewis A., Bond, Sam, Stuart, Kaz, Bewick, Thomas, Ashton, Ruth E.M. and Faghy, Mark 2021. The need for exercise sciences and an integrated response to COVID-19: A position statement from the international HL-PIVOT network. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 67, pp. 2-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2021.01.004
The Effects of a Nutrition Education Intervention on Sports Nutrition Knowledge during a Competitive Season in Highly Trained Adolescent Swimmers.
Foo, Wee Lun, Faghy, Mark A, Sparks, Andy, Newbury, Josh W and Gough, Lewis A 2021. The Effects of a Nutrition Education Intervention on Sports Nutrition Knowledge during a Competitive Season in Highly Trained Adolescent Swimmers. Nutrients. 13 (8). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082713
Cardiorespiratory and skeletal muscle damage due to COVID-19: making the urgent case for rehabilitation
Silva, Rebeca Nunes, Goulart, Cássia da Luz, Oliveira, Murilo Rezende, Tacao, Guilherme Yassuyuki, Back, Guilherme Dionir, Severin, Richard, Faghy, Mark, Arena, Ross and Borghi-Silva, Audrey 2021. Cardiorespiratory and skeletal muscle damage due to COVID-19: making the urgent case for rehabilitation. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine. 15 (9), pp. 1107-1120. https://doi.org/10.1080/17476348.2021.1893169
Educators Perspectives on the Value of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Fundamental Movement Skills for Early Years Foundation Stage Children in England.
Dobell, Alexandra, Pringle, Andy, Faghy, Mark and Roscoe, Clare M P 2021. Educators Perspectives on the Value of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Fundamental Movement Skills for Early Years Foundation Stage Children in England. Children. 8 (5), p. 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8050338
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing as a vital sign in patients recovering from COVID-19.
Arena, Ross and Faghy, Mark A 2021. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing as a vital sign in patients recovering from COVID-19. Expert review of cardiovascular therapy. 19 (10), pp. 877-880. https://doi.org/10.1080/14779072.2021.1985466
Current and Future Implications of COVID-19 among Youth Wheelchair Users: 24-Hour Activity Behavior.
Conners, Ryan T, Bates, Lauren C, Lassalle, Patricia Pagan, Zieff, Gabriel, Whitehead, Paul N, Stevens, Sandra, Killen, Lauren, Cochrum, Robert, Rodebaugh, Kathryn L, Stoner, Lee and Faghy, Mark A 2021. Current and Future Implications of COVID-19 among Youth Wheelchair Users: 24-Hour Activity Behavior. Children. 8 (8). https://doi.org/10.3390/children8080690
COVID-19 infection and cardiometabolic complications: short- and long-term treatment and management considerations
Stoner, Lee, Faghy, Mark and Conners, Ryan 2021. COVID-19 infection and cardiometabolic complications: short- and long-term treatment and management considerations. Reviews in cardiovascular medicine. 22 (2), pp. 263-265. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.rcm2202031
Physical activity and sedentary behavior in people with spinal cord injury: Mitigation strategies during COVID-19 on behalf of ACSM-EIM and HL-PIVOT
Bates, Lauren, Conners, Ryan, Zieff, Gabriel, Adams, Nathan, T., Edgar, Kyle, M., Stevens, Sandra, Faghy, Mark, Arena, Ross, Vermeesch, Amber, Rodney, Joseph, P., Keith, Nicole and Stoner, Lee 2021. Physical activity and sedentary behavior in people with spinal cord injury: Mitigation strategies during COVID-19 on behalf of ACSM-EIM and HL-PIVOT. Disability and Health Journal. 15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101177
Current activities centered on healthy living and recommendations for the future: a position statement from the HL-PIVOT network
Arena, Ross, Kaminsky, Leonard A., Williams, Mark, Sabbahi, Ahmad, Popovic, Dejana, Axtell, Robert, Faghy, Mark, Hills, Andrew P., Olivares Olivares, Silvia Lizett, Lopez, Mildred, Pronk, Nicolaas P., Laddu, Deepika, Samuel Babu, Abraham, Josephson, Richard, Whitsel, Laurie P., Severin, Rich, Christle, Jeffrey W., Zuniga Dourado, Victor, Niebauer, Joseph, Savage, Patrick, Austford, Leslie D. and Lavie, Carl J 2021. Current activities centered on healthy living and recommendations for the future: a position statement from the HL-PIVOT network. Current Problems in Cardiology. 46 (6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100823
A flow resistive inspiratory muscle training mask worn during high-intensity interval training does not improve 5 km running time-trial performance
Brown, Peter I., Faghy, Mark, Davis, Nichola, Mayes, JP and Maden-Wilkinson, Tom 2020. A flow resistive inspiratory muscle training mask worn during high-intensity interval training does not improve 5 km running time-trial performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 121, p. 183–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04505-3
Using system mapping to help plan and implement city-wide action to promote physical activity
Cavill, Nick, Richardson, Debra, Faghy, Mark, Bussell, Chris and Rutter, Harry 2020. Using system mapping to help plan and implement city-wide action to promote physical activity. Journal of Public Health Research. 9 (3). https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2020.1759
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the COVID-19 endemic phase
Faghy, Mark, Hull, James, Cooper, Brendan and Sylvester, Karl 2020. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the COVID-19 endemic phase. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 125 (4), pp. 447-449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2020.06.006
Cross validation of actigraph derived accelerometer cut‐points for assessment of sedentary behaviour and physical activity in children aged 8‐11 years
Duncan, Michael J., Eyre, Emma L.J., Cox, Val, Roscoe, C., Faghy, Mark, Tallis, Jason and Dobell, Alexandra 2020. Cross validation of actigraph derived accelerometer cut‐points for assessment of sedentary behaviour and physical activity in children aged 8‐11 years. Acta Paediatrica. 109 (9), pp. 1825-1830. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15189
Fundamental movement skills and accelerometer-measured physical activity levels during early childhood: a systematic review
Dobell, Alexandra, Pringle, Andy, Faghy, Mark and Roscoe, Clare M. P. 2020. Fundamental movement skills and accelerometer-measured physical activity levels during early childhood: a systematic review. MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7110224
A biopsychosocial framework for recovery from COVID-19
Stuart, K., Faghy, M.A., Bidmead, E., Browning, R., Roberts, C., Grimwood, S. and Winn-Reed, T. 2020. A biopsychosocial framework for recovery from COVID-19. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 40 (9/10), pp. 1021-1039. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-07-2020-0301
Integrated sports and respiratory medicine in the aftermath of COVID-19
Faghy, M., Ashton, R., Maden-Wilkinson, T., Copeland, R. J., Bewick, T. and Smith, A. 2020. Integrated sports and respiratory medicine in the aftermath of COVID-19. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 8 (9), p. p852. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30307-6
Calibration and cross-validation of accelerometery for estimating movement skills in children aged 8–12 years
Duncan, M., Dobell, A., Noon, M., Clark, C.T., Roscoe, C., Stodden, D., Sacko, R., Eyre, E. and Faghy, M. 2020. Calibration and cross-validation of accelerometery for estimating movement skills in children aged 8–12 years. Sensors. 20 (10), p. 2776. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102776
Sodium bicarbonate ingestion improves time-to-exhaustion cycling performance and alters estimated energy system contribution: a dose-response investigation
Gurton, William H., Gough, Lewis A., Sparks, S. Andy, Faghy, Mark and Reed, Katharine E. 2020. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion improves time-to-exhaustion cycling performance and alters estimated energy system contribution: a dose-response investigation. Frontiers in Nutrition. 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.00154
Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) for adults discharged from hospital with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) – a feasibility study
Pick, HJ, Faghy, Mark, Cresswell, G, Lim, WS and Bewick, T 2018. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) for adults discharged from hospital with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) – a feasibility study. Thorax.
A review of inspiratory muscle training. When and why does it work?
Faghy, M. 2019. A review of inspiratory muscle training. When and why does it work? Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine. 68 (1), pp. 3-5. https://doi.org/10.7600/jspfsm.68.3
Functional training of the inspiratory muscles improves load carriage performance
Faghy, Mark and Brown, Peter I 2019. Functional training of the inspiratory muscles improves load carriage performance. Ergonomics. 62 (11), pp. 1439-1449. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2019.1652352
Estimating physical activity in children aged 8–11 Years using Accelerometry: Contributions from fundamental movement skills and different Accelerometer placements
Duncan, Mike, Roscoe, Clare M. P., Faghy, Mark, Tallis, Jason and Eyre, Emma 2019. Estimating physical activity in children aged 8–11 Years using Accelerometry: Contributions from fundamental movement skills and different Accelerometer placements. Frontiers in Physiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00242
P25 Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) for adults discharged from hospital with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) – a feasibility study
HJ Pick, MA Faghy, G Cresswell, WS Lim, T Bewick and Faghy, M. 2018. P25 Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) for adults discharged from hospital with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) – a feasibility study. BMJ Journals. https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax-2018-212555.183
Active recovery strategy and lactate clearance in elite swimmers
Mark A. Faghy, Mitch Lomax and Peter I. Brown 2018. Active recovery strategy and lactate clearance in elite swimmers. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 59 (9), pp. 1487-1491. https://doi.org/10.23736/s0022-4707.18.09228-9
From startline to frontline: the application of respiratory exercise physiology to occupational performance
Faghy, Mark, Blacker, Sam D. and Brown, Peter I. 2017. From startline to frontline: the application of respiratory exercise physiology to occupational performance. Sport and Exercise Scientist.
Whole body active warm up and inspiratory muscle warm up do not improve running performance when carrying thoracic loads
Faghy, Mark and Brown, Peter I. 2017. Whole body active warm up and inspiratory muscle warm up do not improve running performance when carrying thoracic loads. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism. 42 (8). https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0711
Impact of Weekly Swimming Training Distance on the Ergogenicity of Inspiratory Muscle Training in Well-Trained Youth Swimmers
Lomax M, Kapus J, Brown PI and Faghy M 2017. Impact of Weekly Swimming Training Distance on the Ergogenicity of Inspiratory Muscle Training in Well-Trained Youth Swimmers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 33 (8), pp. 2185-2193. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002375
Functional inspiratory muscle training (IMT) improves load carriage performance greater than traditional IMT techniques: 1652 Board #305 June 2, 9: 00 AM - 10: 30 AM.
Faghy, Mark, Lindley, Martin R. and Brown, Peter I. 2016. Functional inspiratory muscle training (IMT) improves load carriage performance greater than traditional IMT techniques: 1652 Board #305 June 2, 9: 00 AM - 10: 30 AM. Wolters Kluwer. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000486377.59880.50
Pilot study : can inspiratory muscle training relieve symptoms ff dyspnoea and improve quality of life for advanced cancer patients ?: 1872 Board #24 June 2, 3: 30 PM - 5: 00 PM.
Lindley, Martin R., Faghy, Mark, Sowter, Heidi M. and Mickleborough, Timothy D. 2016. Pilot study : can inspiratory muscle training relieve symptoms ff dyspnoea and improve quality of life for advanced cancer patients ?: 1872 Board #24 June 2, 3: 30 PM - 5: 00 PM. Wolters Kluwer. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000486545.72377.ea
Effects of load mass carried in a backpack upon respiratory muscle fatigue
Faghy, Mark, Blacker, Sam D. and Brown, Peter I. 2016. Effects of load mass carried in a backpack upon respiratory muscle fatigue. European Journal of Sport Science. 16 (8), pp. 1032-1038. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1202326
Limitations and trainability of the respiratory system during exercise with thoracic loads
Faghy, Mark 2016. Limitations and trainability of the respiratory system during exercise with thoracic loads. PhD Thesis https://doi.org/10.48773/92y02
Training the inspiratory muscles improves running performance when carrying a 25 kg thoracic load in a backpack
Faghy, Mark and Brown, Peter I. 2015. Training the inspiratory muscles improves running performance when carrying a 25 kg thoracic load in a backpack. European Journal of Sport Science. 16 (5), pp. 585-594. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2015.1071878
Preloaded Time Trial to Assess Load Carriage Performance
Mark A. Faghy and Peter I. Brown 2014. Preloaded Time Trial to Assess Load Carriage Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 28 (12), pp. 3354-3362. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000000555
Thoracic load carriage-induced respiratory muscle fatigue
Faghy, M. and Brown, P.I. 2014. Thoracic load carriage-induced respiratory muscle fatigue. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 114, p. 1085–1093. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-2839-4
Ventilatory muscle strength, diaphragm thickness and pulmonary function in world-class powerlifters
Brown, Peter I., Venables, Heather, Liu, Hymsuen, de Witt, Julie T., Brown, Michelle R. and Faghy, Mark 2013. Ventilatory muscle strength, diaphragm thickness and pulmonary function in world-class powerlifters. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 113, p. 2849–2855. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2726-4