A flow resistive inspiratory muscle training mask worn during high-intensity interval training does not improve 5 km running time-trial performance

Journal article

Brown, Peter I., Faghy, Mark, Davis, Nichola, Mayes, JP and Maden-Wilkinson, Tom 2020. A flow resistive inspiratory muscle training mask worn during high-intensity interval training does not improve 5 km running time-trial performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 121, p. 183–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04505-3
AuthorsBrown, Peter I., Faghy, Mark, Davis, Nichola, Mayes, JP and Maden-Wilkinson, Tom
Abstract

There is little evidence of the ergogenic effect of flow-resistive masks worn during exercise. We compared a flow-resistive face mask (MASK) worn during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) against pressure threshold loading inspiratory muscle training (IMT). 23 participants (13 males) completed a 5 km time trial and six weeks of HIIT (3 sessions weekly). HIIT (n = 8) consisted of repeated work (2 min) at the speed equivalent to 95% V˙O2 peak with equal rest. Repetitions were incremental (six in weeks 1, 2 and 6, eight in weeks 3 and 4 and ten in week 5). Participants were allocated to one of three training groups. MASK (n = 8) wore a flow-resistive mask during all sessions. The IMT group (n = 8) completed 2 × 30 breaths daily at 50% maximum inspiratory pressure (PImax). A control group (CON, n = 7) completed HIIT only. Following HIIT, participants completed two 5 km time trials, the first matched identically to pre-intervention trial (ISO time), and a self-paced effort. Time trial performance was improved in all groups (MASK 3.1 ± 1.7%, IMT, 5.7 ± 1.5% and CON 2.6 ± 1.0%, p < 0.05). IMT improved greater than MASK and CON (p = 0.004). Post intervention, PImax and diaphragm thickness were improved in IMT only (32% and 9.5%, respectively, p = 0.003 and 0.024).
A flow-resistive mask worn during HIIT provides no benefit to 5 km performance when compared to HIIT only. Supplementing HIIT with IMT improves respiratory muscle strength, morphology and performance greater than HIIT alone.

KeywordsRespiratory; Inspiratory Muscle Training; Exercise
Year2020
JournalEuropean Journal of Applied Physiology
Journal citation121, p. 183–191
PublisherSpringer
ISSN14396319
14396327
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04505-3
Web address (URL)https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00421-020-04505-3
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/
http://hdl.handle.net/10545/625219
hdl:10545/625219
Output statusPublished
Publication dates01 Oct 2020
Publication process dates
Accepted19 Sep 2020
Deposited02 Oct 2020
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Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International

ContributorsUniversity of Derby, University of Bath and Sheffield Hallam University
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Yessica Abigail Tronco Hernández, Fabio Parente, Mark A Faghy, Clare M P Roscoe and Maratos, F. 2021. Authors' Responses to Peer Review of “Influence of the COVID-19 Lockdown on the Physical and Psychosocial Well-being and Work Productivity of Remote Workers: Cross-sectional Correlational Study”. JMIR Publications. https://doi.org/10.2196/34609
Influence of the COVID-19 lockdown on remote workers’ physical and psychosocial wellbeing and work productivity
Yessica Abigail Tronco Hernandez, Fabio Parente, Mark A. Faghy, Clare M. P. Roscoe and Maratos, F. 2021. Influence of the COVID-19 lockdown on remote workers’ physical and psychosocial wellbeing and work productivity. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dnuk3
UK University staff experience high levels of sedentary behaviour during work and leisure time
Faghy, Mark, Roscoe, C., Pringle, Andy, Duncan, Mike and Buchanan Meharry, John 2021. UK University staff experience high levels of sedentary behaviour during work and leisure time. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. 28 (2), pp. 1104-1111. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2021.1874704
The feasibility and tolerability of using inspiratory muscle training with adults discharged from the hospital with community-acquired pneumonia.
Pick, H.J., Faghy, M., Cresswell, G., Ashton, D., Bolton, C.E., McKeever, T., Lim, W.S. and Bewick, T. 2021. The feasibility and tolerability of using inspiratory muscle training with adults discharged from the hospital with community-acquired pneumonia. Advances in Respiratory Medicine. 89 (2), pp. 216-220. https://doi.org/10.5603/arm.a2021.0002
Targeting Sedentary Behavior in Minority Populations as a Feasible Health Strategy During and Beyond COVID-19: On Behalf of ACSM-EIM and HL-PIVOT
Lassalle, P.P., Meyer, M.L., Conners, R., Zieff, G., Rojas, J., Faghy, M., Arena, R., Vermeesch, A., Joseph, R.P. and Stoner, L. 2021. Targeting Sedentary Behavior in Minority Populations as a Feasible Health Strategy During and Beyond COVID-19: On Behalf of ACSM-EIM and HL-PIVOT. Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine. 6 (4). https://doi.org/10.1249/tjx.0000000000000174
Associations of Sedentary Time with Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.
Alansare, Abdullah Bandar, Bates, Lauren C, Stoner, Lee, Kline, Christopher E, Nagle, Elizabeth, Jennings, J Richard, Hanson, Erik D, Faghy, Mark A and Gibbs, Bethany Barone 2021. Associations of Sedentary Time with Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Switzerland MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168508
Multi-Component Physical Activity Interventions in the UK Must Consider Determinants of Activity to Increase Effectiveness
Faghy, Mark, Armstrong-Booth, Kirsty E, Staples, Vicki, Duncan, Micheal J and Roscoe, Clare M P 2021. Multi-Component Physical Activity Interventions in the UK Must Consider Determinants of Activity to Increase Effectiveness. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 6 (3), p. 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6030056
A Call to Clarify the Intensity and Classification of Standing Behavior
Kowalsky, Robert J, Stoner, Lee, Faghy, Mark A and Barone Gibbs, Bethany 2021. A Call to Clarify the Intensity and Classification of Standing Behavior. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (16). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168460
The Physiological Impact of Masking Is Insignificant and Should Not Preclude Routine Use During Daily Activities, Exercise, and Rehabilitation
Haraf, R.H., Faghy, M., Carlin, B. and Josephson, R.A. 2021. The Physiological Impact of Masking Is Insignificant and Should Not Preclude Routine Use During Daily Activities, Exercise, and Rehabilitation. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention. 41 (1), pp. 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/hcr.0000000000000577
What Comes First, the Behavior or the Condition? In the COVID-19 Era, It May Go Both Ways
Arena, Ross, Lavie, Carl J and Faghy, Mark A 2021. What Comes First, the Behavior or the Condition? In the COVID-19 Era, It May Go Both Ways. Current Problems in Cardiology. 47 (2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100963
Shelter from the cytokine storm: Healthy living is a vital preventative strategy in the COVID-19 era
Arena, Ross, Bond, Samantha, Calvo, Isabel Romero, Lebowicz, Leah, Ozemek, Cemal, Severin, Richard, Laddu, Deepika, Faghy, Mark, Lavie, Carl J. and Carbone, Salvatore 2021. Shelter from the cytokine storm: Healthy living is a vital preventative strategy in the COVID-19 era. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 73 (56), p. 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2021.06.008
Influence of the COVID-19 Lockdown on the Physical and Psychosocial Well-being and Work Productivity of Remote Workers: Cross-sectional Correlational Study (Preprint)
Yessica Abigail Tronco Hernández, Fabio Parente, Mark A Faghy, Clare M P Roscoe, Frances A Maratos and Faghy, M. 2021. Influence of the COVID-19 Lockdown on the Physical and Psychosocial Well-being and Work Productivity of Remote Workers: Cross-sectional Correlational Study (Preprint). JMIR. https://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.30708
The need for exercise sciences and an integrated response to COVID-19: A position statement from the international HL-PIVOT network
Arena, Ross, Stoner, Lee, Haraf, Rebecca H., Josephson, Richard, Hills, Andrew P., Dixit, Snehil, Popovic, Dejana, Smith, Andy, Myers, Jonathan, Bacon, Simon L., Niebauer, Josef, Dourado, Victor Z., Babu, Abraham S., Maden-Wilkinson, Thomas M., Copeland, Robert J., Gough, Lewis A., Bond, Sam, Stuart, Kaz, Bewick, Thomas, Ashton, Ruth E.M. and Faghy, Mark 2021. The need for exercise sciences and an integrated response to COVID-19: A position statement from the international HL-PIVOT network. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 67, pp. 2-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2021.01.004
The Effects of a Nutrition Education Intervention on Sports Nutrition Knowledge during a Competitive Season in Highly Trained Adolescent Swimmers.
Foo, Wee Lun, Faghy, Mark A, Sparks, Andy, Newbury, Josh W and Gough, Lewis A 2021. The Effects of a Nutrition Education Intervention on Sports Nutrition Knowledge during a Competitive Season in Highly Trained Adolescent Swimmers. Nutrients. 13 (8). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082713
Cardiorespiratory and skeletal muscle damage due to COVID-19: making the urgent case for rehabilitation
Silva, Rebeca Nunes, Goulart, Cássia da Luz, Oliveira, Murilo Rezende, Tacao, Guilherme Yassuyuki, Back, Guilherme Dionir, Severin, Richard, Faghy, Mark, Arena, Ross and Borghi-Silva, Audrey 2021. Cardiorespiratory and skeletal muscle damage due to COVID-19: making the urgent case for rehabilitation. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine. 15 (9), pp. 1107-1120. https://doi.org/10.1080/17476348.2021.1893169
Educators Perspectives on the Value of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Fundamental Movement Skills for Early Years Foundation Stage Children in England.
Dobell, Alexandra, Pringle, Andy, Faghy, Mark and Roscoe, Clare M P 2021. Educators Perspectives on the Value of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Fundamental Movement Skills for Early Years Foundation Stage Children in England. Children. 8 (5), p. 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8050338
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing as a vital sign in patients recovering from COVID-19.
Arena, Ross and Faghy, Mark A 2021. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing as a vital sign in patients recovering from COVID-19. Expert review of cardiovascular therapy. 19 (10), pp. 877-880. https://doi.org/10.1080/14779072.2021.1985466
Current and Future Implications of COVID-19 among Youth Wheelchair Users: 24-Hour Activity Behavior.
Conners, Ryan T, Bates, Lauren C, Lassalle, Patricia Pagan, Zieff, Gabriel, Whitehead, Paul N, Stevens, Sandra, Killen, Lauren, Cochrum, Robert, Rodebaugh, Kathryn L, Stoner, Lee and Faghy, Mark A 2021. Current and Future Implications of COVID-19 among Youth Wheelchair Users: 24-Hour Activity Behavior. Children. 8 (8). https://doi.org/10.3390/children8080690
COVID-19 infection and cardiometabolic complications: short- and long-term treatment and management considerations
Stoner, Lee, Faghy, Mark and Conners, Ryan 2021. COVID-19 infection and cardiometabolic complications: short- and long-term treatment and management considerations. Reviews in cardiovascular medicine. 22 (2), pp. 263-265. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.rcm2202031
Physical activity and sedentary behavior in people with spinal cord injury: Mitigation strategies during COVID-19 on behalf of ACSM-EIM and HL-PIVOT
Bates, Lauren, Conners, Ryan, Zieff, Gabriel, Adams, Nathan, T., Edgar, Kyle, M., Stevens, Sandra, Faghy, Mark, Arena, Ross, Vermeesch, Amber, Rodney, Joseph, P., Keith, Nicole and Stoner, Lee 2021. Physical activity and sedentary behavior in people with spinal cord injury: Mitigation strategies during COVID-19 on behalf of ACSM-EIM and HL-PIVOT. Disability and Health Journal. 15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101177
Current activities centered on healthy living and recommendations for the future: a position statement from the HL-PIVOT network
Arena, Ross, Kaminsky, Leonard A., Williams, Mark, Sabbahi, Ahmad, Popovic, Dejana, Axtell, Robert, Faghy, Mark, Hills, Andrew P., Olivares Olivares, Silvia Lizett, Lopez, Mildred, Pronk, Nicolaas P., Laddu, Deepika, Samuel Babu, Abraham, Josephson, Richard, Whitsel, Laurie P., Severin, Rich, Christle, Jeffrey W., Zuniga Dourado, Victor, Niebauer, Joseph, Savage, Patrick, Austford, Leslie D. and Lavie, Carl J 2021. Current activities centered on healthy living and recommendations for the future: a position statement from the HL-PIVOT network. Current Problems in Cardiology. 46 (6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100823
Using system mapping to help plan and implement city-wide action to promote physical activity
Cavill, Nick, Richardson, Debra, Faghy, Mark, Bussell, Chris and Rutter, Harry 2020. Using system mapping to help plan and implement city-wide action to promote physical activity. Journal of Public Health Research. 9 (3). https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2020.1759
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the COVID-19 endemic phase
Faghy, Mark, Hull, James, Cooper, Brendan and Sylvester, Karl 2020. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the COVID-19 endemic phase. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 125 (4), pp. 447-449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2020.06.006
Cross validation of actigraph derived accelerometer cut‐points for assessment of sedentary behaviour and physical activity in children aged 8‐11 years
Duncan, Michael J., Eyre, Emma L.J., Cox, Val, Roscoe, C., Faghy, Mark, Tallis, Jason and Dobell, Alexandra 2020. Cross validation of actigraph derived accelerometer cut‐points for assessment of sedentary behaviour and physical activity in children aged 8‐11 years. Acta Paediatrica. 109 (9), pp. 1825-1830. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15189
Fundamental movement skills and accelerometer-measured physical activity levels during early childhood: a systematic review
Dobell, Alexandra, Pringle, Andy, Faghy, Mark and Roscoe, Clare M. P. 2020. Fundamental movement skills and accelerometer-measured physical activity levels during early childhood: a systematic review. MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7110224
A biopsychosocial framework for recovery from COVID-19
Stuart, K., Faghy, M.A., Bidmead, E., Browning, R., Roberts, C., Grimwood, S. and Winn-Reed, T. 2020. A biopsychosocial framework for recovery from COVID-19. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 40 (9/10), pp. 1021-1039. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-07-2020-0301
Integrated sports and respiratory medicine in the aftermath of COVID-19
Faghy, M., Ashton, R., Maden-Wilkinson, T., Copeland, R. J., Bewick, T. and Smith, A. 2020. Integrated sports and respiratory medicine in the aftermath of COVID-19. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 8 (9), p. p852. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30307-6
Calibration and cross-validation of accelerometery for estimating movement skills in children aged 8–12 years
Duncan, M., Dobell, A., Noon, M., Clark, C.T., Roscoe, C., Stodden, D., Sacko, R., Eyre, E. and Faghy, M. 2020. Calibration and cross-validation of accelerometery for estimating movement skills in children aged 8–12 years. Sensors. 20 (10), p. 2776. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102776
Sodium bicarbonate ingestion improves time-to-exhaustion cycling performance and alters estimated energy system contribution: a dose-response investigation
Gurton, William H., Gough, Lewis A., Sparks, S. Andy, Faghy, Mark and Reed, Katharine E. 2020. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion improves time-to-exhaustion cycling performance and alters estimated energy system contribution: a dose-response investigation. Frontiers in Nutrition. 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.00154
Liver ultrasound scans.
Mortimore, Gerri and Mayes, JP 2019. Liver ultrasound scans. Gastrointestinal Nursing.
Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) for adults discharged from hospital with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) – a feasibility study
Pick, HJ, Faghy, Mark, Cresswell, G, Lim, WS and Bewick, T 2018. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) for adults discharged from hospital with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) – a feasibility study. Thorax.
A review of inspiratory muscle training. When and why does it work?
Faghy, M. 2019. A review of inspiratory muscle training. When and why does it work? Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine. 68 (1), pp. 3-5. https://doi.org/10.7600/jspfsm.68.3
Functional training of the inspiratory muscles improves load carriage performance
Faghy, Mark and Brown, Peter I 2019. Functional training of the inspiratory muscles improves load carriage performance. Ergonomics. 62 (11), pp. 1439-1449. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2019.1652352
Estimating physical activity in children aged 8–11 Years using Accelerometry: Contributions from fundamental movement skills and different Accelerometer placements
Duncan, Mike, Roscoe, Clare M. P., Faghy, Mark, Tallis, Jason and Eyre, Emma 2019. Estimating physical activity in children aged 8–11 Years using Accelerometry: Contributions from fundamental movement skills and different Accelerometer placements. Frontiers in Physiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00242
P25 Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) for adults discharged from hospital with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) – a feasibility study
HJ Pick, MA Faghy, G Cresswell, WS Lim, T Bewick and Faghy, M. 2018. P25 Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) for adults discharged from hospital with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) – a feasibility study. BMJ Journals. https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax-2018-212555.183
Active recovery strategy and lactate clearance in elite swimmers
Mark A. Faghy, Mitch Lomax and Peter I. Brown 2018. Active recovery strategy and lactate clearance in elite swimmers. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 59 (9), pp. 1487-1491. https://doi.org/10.23736/s0022-4707.18.09228-9
From startline to frontline: the application of respiratory exercise physiology to occupational performance
Faghy, Mark, Blacker, Sam D. and Brown, Peter I. 2017. From startline to frontline: the application of respiratory exercise physiology to occupational performance. Sport and Exercise Scientist.
Whole body active warm up and inspiratory muscle warm up do not improve running performance when carrying thoracic loads
Faghy, Mark and Brown, Peter I. 2017. Whole body active warm up and inspiratory muscle warm up do not improve running performance when carrying thoracic loads. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism. 42 (8). https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0711
Impact of Weekly Swimming Training Distance on the Ergogenicity of Inspiratory Muscle Training in Well-Trained Youth Swimmers
Lomax M, Kapus J, Brown PI and Faghy M 2017. Impact of Weekly Swimming Training Distance on the Ergogenicity of Inspiratory Muscle Training in Well-Trained Youth Swimmers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 33 (8), pp. 2185-2193. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002375
Functional inspiratory muscle training (IMT) improves load carriage performance greater than traditional IMT techniques: 1652 Board #305 June 2, 9: 00 AM - 10: 30 AM.
Faghy, Mark, Lindley, Martin R. and Brown, Peter I. 2016. Functional inspiratory muscle training (IMT) improves load carriage performance greater than traditional IMT techniques: 1652 Board #305 June 2, 9: 00 AM - 10: 30 AM. Wolters Kluwer. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000486377.59880.50
Pilot study : can inspiratory muscle training relieve symptoms ff dyspnoea and improve quality of life for advanced cancer patients ?: 1872 Board #24 June 2, 3: 30 PM - 5: 00 PM.
Lindley, Martin R., Faghy, Mark, Sowter, Heidi M. and Mickleborough, Timothy D. 2016. Pilot study : can inspiratory muscle training relieve symptoms ff dyspnoea and improve quality of life for advanced cancer patients ?: 1872 Board #24 June 2, 3: 30 PM - 5: 00 PM. Wolters Kluwer. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000486545.72377.ea
Effects of load mass carried in a backpack upon respiratory muscle fatigue
Faghy, Mark, Blacker, Sam D. and Brown, Peter I. 2016. Effects of load mass carried in a backpack upon respiratory muscle fatigue. European Journal of Sport Science. 16 (8), pp. 1032-1038. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1202326
Limitations and trainability of the respiratory system during exercise with thoracic loads
Faghy, Mark 2016. Limitations and trainability of the respiratory system during exercise with thoracic loads. PhD Thesis https://doi.org/10.48773/92y02
Training the inspiratory muscles improves running performance when carrying a 25 kg thoracic load in a backpack
Faghy, Mark and Brown, Peter I. 2015. Training the inspiratory muscles improves running performance when carrying a 25 kg thoracic load in a backpack. European Journal of Sport Science. 16 (5), pp. 585-594. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2015.1071878
Preloaded Time Trial to Assess Load Carriage Performance
Mark A. Faghy and Peter I. Brown 2014. Preloaded Time Trial to Assess Load Carriage Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 28 (12), pp. 3354-3362. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000000555
Thoracic load carriage-induced respiratory muscle fatigue
Faghy, M. and Brown, P.I. 2014. Thoracic load carriage-induced respiratory muscle fatigue. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 114, p. 1085–1093. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-2839-4
Ventilatory muscle strength, diaphragm thickness and pulmonary function in world-class powerlifters
Brown, Peter I., Venables, Heather, Liu, Hymsuen, de Witt, Julie T., Brown, Michelle R. and Faghy, Mark 2013. Ventilatory muscle strength, diaphragm thickness and pulmonary function in world-class powerlifters. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 113, p. 2849–2855. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2726-4