Comprehensive exploration of smart cities: a systematic review of benefits, challenges, and future directions in telecommunications and urban development

Smart Cities are considered the intersection of technology and urban development, aiming to create sustainable, efficient, and citizen-centered environments using advanced tools such as the Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, and big data analytics. The major components of a smart city are smart buildings, smart transport, smart energy, smart health care, public safety and security, environmental and resource management, and smart technology. These components make the cities smart, transparent, and efficient. Information and communication technology is also one of the most vital tools for modifying traditional cities into Smart Cities. Smart Cities are emerging as transformative urban ecosystems that leverage data, technology, and intelligent design to enhance sustainability, efficiency, and the quality of life for residents. Over 1,000 cities worldwide are developing or implementing smart city initiatives, with projected investments exceeding $1.5 trillion by 2025. Studies indicate Smart Cities can achieve up to 30% reductions in energy consumption and 20% improvements in public service efficiency. This paper presents a systematic review of 61 scholarly works, highlighting the benefits, challenges, and the central role of telecommunications in smart urban development. This systematic review is done to dissect the dual nature of Smart Cities regarding their revolutionary capabilities and intrinsic challenges. The study points out important gaps in the literature, especially when it comes to long-term social effects, fair resource allocation, critical gaps in ethical governance, resource distribution policies, and their long-term implications on societal development, and ethical governance, underrepresentation of telecommunications as a central enabler, and propose future research directions to address these gaps.