Improvements in Compassion and Fears of Compassion throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multinational Study
Journal article
Matos, M., McEwan, K., Kanovsky, M., Halamova, J., Steindl, S. R., Ferreira, N., Linharelhos, M., Rijo, D., Asano, K., Vilas, S. P., Márquez, M. G., Gregório, S., Brito-Pons, G., Santos, P. L., da Silva Oliveira, M., de Souza, E. L., Llobenes, L., Gumiy, N. and Costa, M. L. 2023. Improvements in Compassion and Fears of Compassion throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multinational Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 20 (3), pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031845
| Authors | Matos, M., McEwan, K., Kanovsky, M., Halamova, J., Steindl, S. R., Ferreira, N., Linharelhos, M., Rijo, D., Asano, K., Vilas, S. P., Márquez, M. G., Gregório, S., Brito-Pons, G., Santos, P. L., da Silva Oliveira, M., de Souza, E. L., Llobenes, L., Gumiy, N. and Costa, M. L. |
|---|---|
| Abstract | During large-scale disasters, social support, caring behaviours, and compassion are shown to protect against poor mental health outcomes. This multi-national study aimed to assess the fluctuations in compassion over time during the COVID-19 pandemic. Respondents (Time 1 n = 4156, Time 2 n = 980, Time 3 n = 825) from 23 countries completed online self-report questionnaires measuring the flows of compassion (i.e., Compassionate Engagement and Action Scales) and fears of compassion toward self and others and from others (i.e., Fears of Compassion Scales) and mental health at three time-points during a 10-month period. The results for the flows of compassion showed that self-compassion increased at Time 3. Compassion for others increased at Time 2 and 3 for the general population, but in contrast, it decreased in health professionals, possibly linked to burnout. Compassion from others did not change in Time 2, but it did increase significantly in Time 3. For fears of compassion, fears of self-compassion reduced over time, fears of compassion for others showed more variation, reducing for the general public but increasing for health professionals, whilst fears of compassion from others did not change over time. Health professionals, those with compassion training, older adults, and women showed greater flows of compassion and lower fears of compassion compared with the general population, those without compassion training, younger adults, and men. These findings highlight that, in a period of shared suffering, people from multiple countries and nationalities show a cumulative improvement in compassion and reduction in fears of compassion, suggesting that, when there is intense suffering, people become more compassionate to self and others and less afraid of, and resistant to, compassion. |
| Keywords | compassion; fears of compassion; longitudinal; multilevel modelling; multinational study ; COVID-19; pandemic |
| Year | 2023 |
| Journal | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| Journal citation | 20 (3), pp. 1-17 |
| Publisher | MDPI |
| ISSN | 1660-4601 |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031845 |
| Web address (URL) | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/3/1845 |
| Accepted author manuscript | File Access Level Open |
| Publisher's version | License File Access Level Open |
| Output status | Published |
| Publication dates | |
| Online | 19 Jan 2023 |
| Publication process dates | |
| Accepted | 17 Jan 2023 |
| Deposited | 30 Jan 2023 |
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Busse, Monica, Quinn, Lori, Drew, Cheney, Kelson, Mark, Trubey, Rob, McEwan, Kirsten, Jones, Carys, Townson, Julia, Dawes, Helen, Tudor-Edwards, Rhiannon, Rosser, Anne and Hood, Kerenza 2016. M11 A randomised controlled feasibility trial of a physical activity behaviour change intervention compared to social interaction in huntington’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2016-314597.296Physical activity self-management and coaching compared to social interaction in huntington disease: results from the ENGAGE-HD randomized, controlled, pilot feasibility trial.
Busse, Monica, Quinn, Lori, Drew, Cheney, Kelson, Mark, Trubey, Rob, McEwan, Kirsten, Jones, Carys, Townson, Julia, Dawes, Helen, Tudor-Edwards, Rhiannon, Rosser, Anne and Hood, Kerenza 2017. Physical activity self-management and coaching compared to social interaction in huntington disease: results from the ENGAGE-HD randomized, controlled, pilot feasibility trial. Physical Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzx031Assessing the medium-term impact of a home-visiting programme on child maltreatment in England: protocol for a routine data linkage study.
Ludd-Widger, Fiona V., Cannings-John, Rebecca, Channon, Sue, Fitzsimmons, Deborah, Hood, Kerenza, Jones, Kerina H., Kemp, Alison, Kenkre, Joyce, Longo, Mirella, McEwan, Kirsten, Moody, Gwenllian, Owen-Jones, Eleri, Sanders, Julia, Segrott, Jeremy and Robling, Mike 2017. Assessing the medium-term impact of a home-visiting programme on child maltreatment in England: protocol for a routine data linkage study. BMJ Open. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015728Availability of breastfeeding peer-support in the UK: a cross-sectional survey.
Grant, Aimee, McEwan, Kirsten, Tedstone, Sally, Greene, Giles, Copeland, Lauren, Hunter, Billie, Sanders, Julia, Phillips, Rhiannon, Brown, Amy, Robling, Mike and Paranjothy, Shantini 2017. Availability of breastfeeding peer-support in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Maternal and Child Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12476Controlled antenatal thyroid screening II: Effect of treating maternal suboptimal thyroid function on child cognition.
Hales, Charlotte, Taylor, Peter N., Channon, Sue, Paradice, Ruth, McEwan, Kirsten, Zhang, Lei, Gyedu, Michael, Bakhsh, Ameen, Okosieme, Onyebuchi, Muller, Ilaria, Draman, Mohd S., Gregory, John W., Dayan, Colin, Lazarus, John H., Rees, D Aled and Ludgate, Marian 2018. Controlled antenatal thyroid screening II: Effect of treating maternal suboptimal thyroid function on child cognition. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-02378Evaluation of a web-based self-compassion intervention to reduce student assessment anxiety.
McEwan, Kirsten, Elander, James and Gilbert, Paul 2018. Evaluation of a web-based self-compassion intervention to reduce student assessment anxiety. Interdisciplinary Education and Psychology.Fears of happiness and compassion in relationship with depression, alexithymia, and attachment security in a depressed sample.
Gilbert, Paul, McEwan, Kirsten, Catarino, Francisca, Baião, Rita and Palmeira, Lara 2013. Fears of happiness and compassion in relationship with depression, alexithymia, and attachment security in a depressed sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12037A descriptive study of feelings of arrested escape (entrapment) and arrested anger in people presenting to an emergency department following an episode of self-harm.
Clarke, Martin, McEwan, Kirsten, Ness, Jennifer, Waters, Keith, Basran, Jaskaran and Gilbert, Paul 2016. A descriptive study of feelings of arrested escape (entrapment) and arrested anger in people presenting to an emergency department following an episode of self-harm. Frontiers in Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00155A pilot study mapping citizens' interaction with urban nature
Ferrara, E., Liotta, A., Erhan, L., Ndubuaku, M., Giusto, D., Richardson, M., Sheffield, D. and McEwan, K. 2018. A pilot study mapping citizens' interaction with urban nature. IEEE International Symposium on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing. Athens, Greece 12 - 15 Aug 2018 IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc/picom/datacom/cyberscitec.2018.00-21A Demographic Analysis of Urban Nature Utilization
Ferrara, E., Liotta, A., Ndubuaku, M., Erhan, L., Giusto, D., Richardson, M., Sheffield, D. and McEwan, K. 2018. A Demographic Analysis of Urban Nature Utilization. 10th Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Conference. 19 - 21 Sep 2018 IEEE Xplore. https://doi.org/10.1109/ceec.2018.8674206Pragmatic Randomised controlled trial of a trauma-focused guided self-help Programme versus InDividual trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (RAPID): trial protocol.
Nollett, Claire, Lewis, Catrin, Kitchiner, Neil, Roberts, Neil, Addison, Katy, Brookes-Howell, Lucy, Cosgrove, Sarah, Cullen, Katherine, Ehlers, Anke, Heke, Sarah, Kelson, Mark, Lovell, Karina, Madden, Kim, McEwan, Kirsten, McNamara, Rachel, Philips, Ceri, Pickles, Timothy, Simon, Natalie and Bisson, Jonathan 2018. Pragmatic Randomised controlled trial of a trauma-focused guided self-help Programme versus InDividual trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (RAPID): trial protocol. BMC Psychiatry. 18 (77), pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1665-3A pilot feasibility study exploring the practising of compassionate imagery exercises in a nonclinical population
McEwan, Kirsten and Gilbert, Paul 2015. A pilot feasibility study exploring the practising of compassionate imagery exercises in a nonclinical population. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12078Compassion motivations: Distinguishing submissive compassion from genuine compassion and its association with shame, submissive behavior, depression, anxiety and stress
Catarino, Francisca, Gilbert, Paul, McEwan, Kirsten and Baião, Rita 2014. Compassion motivations: Distinguishing submissive compassion from genuine compassion and its association with shame, submissive behavior, depression, anxiety and stress. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2014.33.5.399Forms of self-criticising/attacking & self-reassuring scale: Psychometric properties and normative study
Baião, Rita, Gilbert, Paul, McEwan, Kirsten and Carvalho, Sérgio 2014. Forms of self-criticising/attacking & self-reassuring scale: Psychometric properties and normative study. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12049Fears of negative emotions in relation to fears of happiness, compassion, alexithymia and psychopathology in a depressed population: A preliminary study
Gilbert, Paul, McEwan, Kirsten, Catarino, Francisca and Baião, Rita 2014. Fears of negative emotions in relation to fears of happiness, compassion, alexithymia and psychopathology in a depressed population: A preliminary study. Journal of Depression and Anxiety. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-1044.S2-004Fears of compassion in a depressed population: Implication for psychotherapy
Gilbert, Paul, McEwan, Kirsten, Catarino, Francisca and Baião, Rita 2014. Fears of compassion in a depressed population: Implication for psychotherapy. Journal of Depression and Anxiety. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-1044.S2-003The physiological and emotional effects of touch: Assessing a hand-massage intervention with high self-critics
Maratos, Frances A., Duarte, Joana, Barnes, Christopher, McEwan, Kirsten, Sheffield, David and Gilbert, Paul 2017. The physiological and emotional effects of touch: Assessing a hand-massage intervention with high self-critics. Psychiatry Research. 250, pp. 221-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.066Joy and calm: how an evolutionary functional model of affect regulation informs positive emotions in nature
Richardson, Miles, McEwan, Kirsten, Maratos, Frances A. and Sheffield, David 2016. Joy and calm: how an evolutionary functional model of affect regulation informs positive emotions in nature. Evolutionary Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-016-0065-5Do therapeutic imagery practices affect physiological and emotional indicators of threat in high self-critics?
Duarte, Joana, McEwan, Kirsten, Barnes, Christopher, Gilbert, Paul and Maratos, Frances A. 2015. Do therapeutic imagery practices affect physiological and emotional indicators of threat in high self-critics? Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12043Facial expressions depicting compassionate and critical emotions: the development and validation of a new emotional face stimulus set
McEwan, Kirsten, Gilbert, Paul, Dandeneau, Stephane, Lipka, Sigrid, Maratos, Frances A., Paterson, Kevin B. and Baldwin, Mark 2014. Facial expressions depicting compassionate and critical emotions: the development and validation of a new emotional face stimulus set. PLos ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088783