‘This is what the colour green smells like!’: Urban Forest Bathing improved adolescent nature connection and wellbeing",

Journal article


McEwan, K., Potter, V., Kotera, Y., Jackson, J. and Greaves, S. 2022. ‘This is what the colour green smells like!’: Urban Forest Bathing improved adolescent nature connection and wellbeing", . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (23), pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315594
AuthorsMcEwan, K., Potter, V., Kotera, Y., Jackson, J. and Greaves, S.
Abstract

Background: Research suggests that an early connection with nature can benefit wellbeing into adulthood. However, there is less research assessing whether adolescents benefit from formal nature connection interventions such as forest bathing (slow mindful nature walks). This research aimed to assess whether an urban nature connection intervention (called ParkBathe) could improve adolescents’ nature connection and wellbeing. Method: In an experimental repeated measures design, 44 adolescents sampled opportunistically from Scouts groups, completed surveys and interviews before and after experiencing an urban nature connection intervention. Results: Paired-samples t-tests between baseline and post-intervention survey scores revealed statistically significant improvements in anxiety (13% reduction); rumination (44% reduction); scepticism (17% reduction); nature connection (25% increase); and social connection (12% increase). The largest effect size was found for nature connection. Interviews revealed that before the session, participants had a mixed understanding and expectations of the intervention. Conclusions: After the session, the participants expressed enjoying the social aspects of being part of a group and being present in the moment by noticing nature. They expressed the effects of this as immediately calming and relaxing. Urban forest bathing improved nature connection and wellbeing in adolescents and could be implemented and/or signposted by schools and youth charities.

Keywordsadolescent; anxiety; forest bathing; nature connection; rumination; social connection
Year2022
JournalInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Journal citation19 (23), pp. 1-12
PublisherMDPI
ISSN1660-4601
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315594
Web address (URL)https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/23/15594
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Online24 Nov 2022
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Accepted20 Nov 2022
Deposited20 Jan 2023
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Gilbert, Paul, Cheung, Mimi, Irons, Christopher Paul and McEwan, Kirsten 2005. An exploration into depression-focused and anger-focused rumination in relation to depression in a student population. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465804002048
The relation of entrapment, shame and guilt to depression, in carers of people with dementia.
Martin, Y., Gilbert, Paul, McEwan, Kirsten and Irons, Christopher Paul 2006. The relation of entrapment, shame and guilt to depression, in carers of people with dementia. Aging and Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860500311953
Interpersonal sensitivities: their link to mood, anger and gender.
Gilbert, Paul, Irons, Christopher Paul, Olsen, K., Gilbert, Jean and McEwan, Kirsten 2006. Interpersonal sensitivities: their link to mood, anger and gender. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608305X43856
Eating attitudes and striving to avoid inferiority.
Bellew, Rebecca, Gilbert, Paul, Mills, Alison, McEwan, Kirsten and Gale, Corinne 2006. Eating attitudes and striving to avoid inferiority. Eating Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640260600796242
Investigating relationships between perfectionism, forms and functions of self-criticism, and sensitivity to put-down.
Gilbert, Paul, Durrant, R. and McEwan, Kirsten 2006. Investigating relationships between perfectionism, forms and functions of self-criticism, and sensitivity to put-down. Personality and Individual Differences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.05.004
Social rank and attachment in people with a bipolar disorder.
Gilbert, Paul, McEwan, Kirsten, Hay, J, Irons, Christopher Paul and Cheung, M. 2007. Social rank and attachment in people with a bipolar disorder. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.508
Cultural differences in shame-focused attitudes towards mental health problems in Asian and Non-Asian student women.
Gilbert, Paul, Bhundia, Rakhee, Mitra, Ranjana, McEwan, Kirsten, Irons, Christopher Paul and Sanghera, Jasvinder 2007. Cultural differences in shame-focused attitudes towards mental health problems in Asian and Non-Asian student women. Mental Health Religion & Culture. https://doi.org/10.1080/13694670500415124
Paranoid beliefs and self-criticism in students.
Mills, Alison, Gilbert, Paul, Bellew, Rebecca, McEwan, Kirsten and Gale, Corinne 2007. Paranoid beliefs and self-criticism in students. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.537
Development of a striving to avoid inferiority scale.
Gilbert, Paul, Broomhead, Claire, Irons, Christopher Paul, McEwan, Kirsten, Bellew, Rebecca, Mills, Alison, Gale, Corinne and Knibb, Rebecca C. 2007. Development of a striving to avoid inferiority scale. British Journal of Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466606X157789
A pilot exploration of heart rate variability and salivary cortisol responses to compassion-focused imagery.
Rockliff, Helen, Gilbert, Paul, McEwan, Kirsten, Lightman, Stafford and Glover, David 2008. A pilot exploration of heart rate variability and salivary cortisol responses to compassion-focused imagery. Clinical Neuropsychiatry: Journal of Treatment Evaluation.
Feeling safe and content: A specific affect regulation system? Relationship to depression, anxiety, stress, and self-criticism.
Gilbert, Paul, McEwan, Kirsten, Mitra, Ranjana, Franks, Leigh, Richter, Anne and Rockliff, Helen 2008. Feeling safe and content: A specific affect regulation system? Relationship to depression, anxiety, stress, and self-criticism. The Journal of Positive Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760801999461
The dark side of competition: How competitive behaviour and striving to avoid inferiority are linked to depression, anxiety, stress and self-harm.
Gilbert, Paul, McEwan, Kirsten, Bellew, Rebecca, Mills, Alison and Gale, Corinne 2009. The dark side of competition: How competitive behaviour and striving to avoid inferiority are linked to depression, anxiety, stress and self-harm. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608308X379806
An exploration of different types of positive affect in students and patients with bipolar disorder.
Gilbert, Paul, McEwan, Kirsten, Mitra, Ranjana, Richter, Anne, Franks, Leigh, Mills, Alison, Bellew, Rebecca and Gale, Corinne 2009. An exploration of different types of positive affect in students and patients with bipolar disorder. Clinical Neuropsychiatry: Journal of Treatment Evaluation.
Development of an early memories of warmth and safeness scale and its relationship to psychopathology.
Richter, Anne, Gilbert, Paul and McEwan, Kirsten 2009. Development of an early memories of warmth and safeness scale and its relationship to psychopathology. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608308X395213
Striving and competing and its relationship to self-harm in young adults.
Williams, Katie, Gilbert, Paul and McEwan, Kirsten 2009. Striving and competing and its relationship to self-harm in young adults. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2009.2.3.282
Self-harm in a mixed clinical population: The roles of self-criticism, shame, and social rank.
Gilbert, Paul, McEwan, Kirsten, Irons, Christopher Paul, Bhundia, Rakhee, Christie, Rachael, Broomhead, Claire and Rockliff, Helen 2010. Self-harm in a mixed clinical population: The roles of self-criticism, shame, and social rank. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466509X479771
Effects of intranasal oxytocin on compassion focused imagery.
Rockliff, Helen, Karl, Anke, McEwan, Kirsten, Gilbert, Jean, Matos, Marcela and Gilbert, Paul 2011. Effects of intranasal oxytocin on compassion focused imagery. Emotion. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023861
Fears of compassion: development of three self-report measures.
Gilbert, Paul, McEwan, Kirsten, Matos, Marcela and Rivis, Amanda 2011. Fears of compassion: development of three self-report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608310X526511
The relationship between self-concealment and disclosure, early experiences, attachement, and social comparison.
Cruddas, Sarah, Gilbert, Paul and McEwan, Kirsten 2012. The relationship between self-concealment and disclosure, early experiences, attachement, and social comparison. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2012.5.1.28
An exploration of competitiveness and caring in relation to psychopathology.
McEwan, Kirsten, Gilbert, Paul and Duarte, Joana 2011. An exploration of competitiveness and caring in relation to psychopathology. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.2011.02010.x
An exploration of group-based compassion focused therapy for a heterogeneous range of clients presenting to a community mental health team.
Judge, Lorna, Cleghorn, Ailish, McEwan, Kirsten and Gilbert, Paul 2012. An exploration of group-based compassion focused therapy for a heterogeneous range of clients presenting to a community mental health team. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2012.5.4.420
Fears of compassion and happiness in relation to alexithymia, mindfulness, and self-criticism.
Gilbert, Paul, McEwan, Kirsten, Gibbons, L., Duarte, Joana and Matos, Marcela 2011. Fears of compassion and happiness in relation to alexithymia, mindfulness, and self-criticism. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.2011.02046.x
Optimising mobility outcome measures in Huntington's disease.
Busse, Monica, Quinn, Lori, Khalil, Hanan and McEwan, Kirsten 2014. Optimising mobility outcome measures in Huntington's disease. Journal of Huntington's Disease. https://doi.org/10.3233/JHD-140091
M11 A randomised controlled feasibility trial of a physical activity behaviour change intervention compared to social interaction in huntington’s disease.
Busse, Monica, Quinn, Lori, Drew, Cheney, Kelson, Mark, Trubey, Rob, McEwan, Kirsten, Jones, Carys, Townson, Julia, Dawes, Helen, Tudor-Edwards, Rhiannon, Rosser, Anne and Hood, Kerenza 2016. M11 A randomised controlled feasibility trial of a physical activity behaviour change intervention compared to social interaction in huntington’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2016-314597.296
Physical activity self-management and coaching compared to social interaction in huntington disease: results from the ENGAGE-HD randomized, controlled, pilot feasibility trial.
Busse, Monica, Quinn, Lori, Drew, Cheney, Kelson, Mark, Trubey, Rob, McEwan, Kirsten, Jones, Carys, Townson, Julia, Dawes, Helen, Tudor-Edwards, Rhiannon, Rosser, Anne and Hood, Kerenza 2017. Physical activity self-management and coaching compared to social interaction in huntington disease: results from the ENGAGE-HD randomized, controlled, pilot feasibility trial. Physical Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzx031
Assessing the medium-term impact of a home-visiting programme on child maltreatment in England: protocol for a routine data linkage study.
Ludd-Widger, Fiona V., Cannings-John, Rebecca, Channon, Sue, Fitzsimmons, Deborah, Hood, Kerenza, Jones, Kerina H., Kemp, Alison, Kenkre, Joyce, Longo, Mirella, McEwan, Kirsten, Moody, Gwenllian, Owen-Jones, Eleri, Sanders, Julia, Segrott, Jeremy and Robling, Mike 2017. Assessing the medium-term impact of a home-visiting programme on child maltreatment in England: protocol for a routine data linkage study. BMJ Open. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015728
Availability of breastfeeding peer-support in the UK: a cross-sectional survey.
Grant, Aimee, McEwan, Kirsten, Tedstone, Sally, Greene, Giles, Copeland, Lauren, Hunter, Billie, Sanders, Julia, Phillips, Rhiannon, Brown, Amy, Robling, Mike and Paranjothy, Shantini 2017. Availability of breastfeeding peer-support in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Maternal and Child Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12476
Controlled antenatal thyroid screening II: Effect of treating maternal suboptimal thyroid function on child cognition.
Hales, Charlotte, Taylor, Peter N., Channon, Sue, Paradice, Ruth, McEwan, Kirsten, Zhang, Lei, Gyedu, Michael, Bakhsh, Ameen, Okosieme, Onyebuchi, Muller, Ilaria, Draman, Mohd S., Gregory, John W., Dayan, Colin, Lazarus, John H., Rees, D Aled and Ludgate, Marian 2018. Controlled antenatal thyroid screening II: Effect of treating maternal suboptimal thyroid function on child cognition. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-02378
Evaluation of a web-based self-compassion intervention to reduce student assessment anxiety.
McEwan, Kirsten, Elander, James and Gilbert, Paul 2018. Evaluation of a web-based self-compassion intervention to reduce student assessment anxiety. Interdisciplinary Education and Psychology.
Digital interventions to promote self-management in people with osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis - Study protocol
Safari, Reza, Jackson, Jessica, Dhadda, Buk, Watkins, Merryl, Sheffield, David, Anthony, Denis and Ward, Derek 2018. Digital interventions to promote self-management in people with osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis - Study protocol. National Health Service (NHS).
Fears of happiness and compassion in relationship with depression, alexithymia, and attachment security in a depressed sample.
Gilbert, Paul, McEwan, Kirsten, Catarino, Francisca, Baião, Rita and Palmeira, Lara 2013. Fears of happiness and compassion in relationship with depression, alexithymia, and attachment security in a depressed sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12037
A descriptive study of feelings of arrested escape (entrapment) and arrested anger in people presenting to an emergency department following an episode of self-harm.
Clarke, Martin, McEwan, Kirsten, Ness, Jennifer, Waters, Keith, Basran, Jaskaran and Gilbert, Paul 2016. A descriptive study of feelings of arrested escape (entrapment) and arrested anger in people presenting to an emergency department following an episode of self-harm. Frontiers in Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00155
A pilot study mapping citizens' interaction with urban nature
Ferrara, E., Liotta, A., Erhan, L., Ndubuaku, M., Giusto, D., Richardson, M., Sheffield, D. and McEwan, K. 2018. A pilot study mapping citizens' interaction with urban nature. IEEE International Symposium on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing. Athens, Greece 12 - 15 Aug 2018 IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc/picom/datacom/cyberscitec.2018.00-21
A Demographic Analysis of Urban Nature Utilization
Ferrara, E., Liotta, A., Ndubuaku, M., Erhan, L., Giusto, D., Richardson, M., Sheffield, D. and McEwan, K. 2018. A Demographic Analysis of Urban Nature Utilization. 10th Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Conference. 19 - 21 Sep 2018 IEEE Xplore. https://doi.org/10.1109/ceec.2018.8674206
Pragmatic Randomised controlled trial of a trauma-focused guided self-help Programme versus InDividual trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (RAPID): trial protocol.
Nollett, Claire, Lewis, Catrin, Kitchiner, Neil, Roberts, Neil, Addison, Katy, Brookes-Howell, Lucy, Cosgrove, Sarah, Cullen, Katherine, Ehlers, Anke, Heke, Sarah, Kelson, Mark, Lovell, Karina, Madden, Kim, McEwan, Kirsten, McNamara, Rachel, Philips, Ceri, Pickles, Timothy, Simon, Natalie and Bisson, Jonathan 2018. Pragmatic Randomised controlled trial of a trauma-focused guided self-help Programme versus InDividual trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (RAPID): trial protocol. BMC Psychiatry. 18 (77), pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1665-3
Exploring the long-term influence of the family nurse partnership on the lives of young mothers
Woodward, Amelia, Ward, Derek and Jackson, Jessica 2017. Exploring the long-term influence of the family nurse partnership on the lives of young mothers. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx186.308
Using behavioural insights to improve the healthiness of children’s packed lunches.
Jackson, Jessica, Ward, Derek, Giles, David, Bunten, Amanda, Howell-Jones, Rebecca and Burgess-Allen, Jilla 2017. Using behavioural insights to improve the healthiness of children’s packed lunches. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx187.316
A pilot feasibility study exploring the practising of compassionate imagery exercises in a nonclinical population
McEwan, Kirsten and Gilbert, Paul 2015. A pilot feasibility study exploring the practising of compassionate imagery exercises in a nonclinical population. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12078
Compassion motivations: Distinguishing submissive compassion from genuine compassion and its association with shame, submissive behavior, depression, anxiety and stress
Catarino, Francisca, Gilbert, Paul, McEwan, Kirsten and Baião, Rita 2014. Compassion motivations: Distinguishing submissive compassion from genuine compassion and its association with shame, submissive behavior, depression, anxiety and stress. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2014.33.5.399
Forms of self-criticising/attacking & self-reassuring scale: Psychometric properties and normative study
Baião, Rita, Gilbert, Paul, McEwan, Kirsten and Carvalho, Sérgio 2014. Forms of self-criticising/attacking & self-reassuring scale: Psychometric properties and normative study. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12049
Fears of negative emotions in relation to fears of happiness, compassion, alexithymia and psychopathology in a depressed population: A preliminary study
Gilbert, Paul, McEwan, Kirsten, Catarino, Francisca and Baião, Rita 2014. Fears of negative emotions in relation to fears of happiness, compassion, alexithymia and psychopathology in a depressed population: A preliminary study. Journal of Depression and Anxiety. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-1044.S2-004
Fears of compassion in a depressed population: Implication for psychotherapy
Gilbert, Paul, McEwan, Kirsten, Catarino, Francisca and Baião, Rita 2014. Fears of compassion in a depressed population: Implication for psychotherapy. Journal of Depression and Anxiety. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-1044.S2-003
The physiological and emotional effects of touch: Assessing a hand-massage intervention with high self-critics
Maratos, Frances A., Duarte, Joana, Barnes, Christopher, McEwan, Kirsten, Sheffield, David and Gilbert, Paul 2017. The physiological and emotional effects of touch: Assessing a hand-massage intervention with high self-critics. Psychiatry Research. 250, pp. 221-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.066
Joy and calm: how an evolutionary functional model of affect regulation informs positive emotions in nature
Richardson, Miles, McEwan, Kirsten, Maratos, Frances A. and Sheffield, David 2016. Joy and calm: how an evolutionary functional model of affect regulation informs positive emotions in nature. Evolutionary Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-016-0065-5
Do therapeutic imagery practices affect physiological and emotional indicators of threat in high self-critics?
Duarte, Joana, McEwan, Kirsten, Barnes, Christopher, Gilbert, Paul and Maratos, Frances A. 2015. Do therapeutic imagery practices affect physiological and emotional indicators of threat in high self-critics? Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12043
Facial expressions depicting compassionate and critical emotions: the development and validation of a new emotional face stimulus set
McEwan, Kirsten, Gilbert, Paul, Dandeneau, Stephane, Lipka, Sigrid, Maratos, Frances A., Paterson, Kevin B. and Baldwin, Mark 2014. Facial expressions depicting compassionate and critical emotions: the development and validation of a new emotional face stimulus set. PLos ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088783
Breastfeeding Experiences of Women Who have Survived Intimate Partner Violence
Stephanie Allen, Sophie Williams, Jenny Hallam and Jackson, J. 2012. Breastfeeding Experiences of Women Who have Survived Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of health visiting. 11 (5). https://doi.org/10.12968/johv.2023.11.5.204
An exploration of the processing of compassionate and critical faces
McEwan, Kirsten 2012. An exploration of the processing of compassionate and critical faces. PhD Thesis