Problematic smartphone use, nature connectedness, and anxiety.

Journal article


Richardson, Miles, Hussain, Zaheer and Griffiths, Mark D. 2018. Problematic smartphone use, nature connectedness, and anxiety. Journal of Behavioral Addictions. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.10
AuthorsRichardson, Miles, Hussain, Zaheer and Griffiths, Mark D.
Abstract

Background Smartphone use has increased greatly at a time when concerns about society’s disconnection from nature have also markedly increased. Recent research has also indicated that smartphone use can be problematic for a small minority of individuals. Methods In this study, associations between problematic smartphone use (PSU), nature connectedness, and anxiety were investigated using a cross-sectional design (n = 244). Results Associations between PSU and both nature connectedness and anxiety were confirmed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to identify threshold values on the Problematic Smartphone Use Scale (PSUS) at which strong associations with anxiety and nature connectedness occur. The area under the curve was calculated and positive likelihood ratios used as a diagnostic parameter to identify optimal cut-off for PSU. These provided good diagnostic ability for nature connectedness, but poor and non-significant results for anxiety. ROC analysis showed the optimal PSUS threshold for high nature connectedness to be 15.5 (sensitivity: 58.3%; specificity: 78.6%) in response to an LR+ of 2.88. Conclusions The results demonstrate the potential utility for the PSUS as a diagnostic tool, with a level of smartphone use that users may perceive as non-problematic being a significant cut-off in terms of achieving beneficial levels of nature connectedness. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Background
Smartphone use has increased greatly at a time when concerns about society’s disconnection from nature have also markedly increased. Recent research has also indicated that smartphone use can be problematic for a small minority of individuals.

Methods
In this study, associations between problematic smartphone use (PSU), nature connectedness, and anxiety were investigated using a cross-sectional design (n = 244).

Results
Associations between PSU and both nature connectedness and anxiety were confirmed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to identify threshold values on the Problematic Smartphone Use Scale (PSUS) at which strong associations with anxiety and nature connectedness occur. The area under the curve was calculated and positive likelihood ratios used as a diagnostic parameter to identify optimal cut-off for PSU. These provided good diagnostic ability for nature connectedness, but poor and non-significant results for anxiety. ROC analysis showed the optimal PSUS threshold for high nature connectedness to be 15.5 (sensitivity: 58.3%; specificity: 78.6%) in response to an LR+ of 2.88.

Conclusions
The results demonstrate the potential utility for the PSUS as a diagnostic tool, with a level of smartphone use that users may perceive as non-problematic being a significant cut-off in terms of achieving beneficial levels of nature connectedness. Implications of these findings are discussed.

KeywordsNature connectedness; Smartphones; Smartphone use; Addiction; Anxiety
Year2018
JournalJournal of Behavioral Addictions
PublisherAkadémiai Kiadó
ISSN20625871
20635303
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.10
Web address (URL)http://hdl.handle.net/10545/622142
hdl:10545/622142
Publication dates08 Feb 2018
Publication process dates
Deposited16 Feb 2018, 13:59
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Archived with thanks to Journal of Behavioral Addictions

ContributorsUniversity of Derby, Department of Life Sciences, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, UK, Department of Life Sciences, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, UK and Psychology Division, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Richardson, Miles and Sheffield, David 2015. Reflective self-attention: A more stable predictor of connection to nature than mindful attention. Ecopsychology. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2015.0010
One thousand good things in nature: Aspects of nearby nature associated with improved connection to nature
Richardson, M., Hallam, J. and Lumber, R. 2015. One thousand good things in nature: Aspects of nearby nature associated with improved connection to nature. Environmental Values. https://doi.org/10.3197/096327115x14384223590131
The effect of distressing imagery on attention to and persuasiveness of an anti-alcohol message: a gaze-tracking approach
Brown, Stephen L. and Richardson, Miles 2011. The effect of distressing imagery on attention to and persuasiveness of an anti-alcohol message: a gaze-tracking approach. Health Education & Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198111404411
Identifying the task characteristics that predict children's construction task performance
Richardson, Miles, Jones, Gary, Croker, Steve and Brown, Stephen L. 2011. Identifying the task characteristics that predict children's construction task performance. Applied Cognitive Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1702
Exploring the psychological rewards of a familiar semirural landscape: connecting to local nature through a mindful approach
Richardson, Miles and Hallam, Jenny 2013. Exploring the psychological rewards of a familiar semirural landscape: connecting to local nature through a mindful approach. The Humanistic Psychologist. https://doi.org/10.1080/08873267.2012.732156
Internal representations, external representations and ergonomics: towards a theoretical integration
Richardson, Miles and Ball, Linden J. 2009. Internal representations, external representations and ergonomics: towards a theoretical integration. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science. https://doi.org/10.1080/14639220802368872
An objective examination of consumer perception of nutrition information based on healthiness ratings and eye movements
Jones, Gary and Richardson, Miles 2007. An objective examination of consumer perception of nutrition information based on healthiness ratings and eye movements. Public Health Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980007258513
Identifying the task variables that predict object assembly difficulty.
Richardson, Miles, Jones, Gary and Torrance, Mark 2006. Identifying the task variables that predict object assembly difficulty. Human factors.
Identifying the task variables that influence perceived object assembly complexity
Richardson, Miles, Jones, Gary and Torrance, Mark 2004. Identifying the task variables that influence perceived object assembly complexity. Ergonomics. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130410001686339
Identifying the task variables that affect assembly task complexity
Richardson, Miles 2005. Identifying the task variables that affect assembly task complexity. PhD Thesis