Comparing Bio-Ester and Mineral-Oil Emulsions on Tool Wear and Surface Integrity in Finish Turning a Ni-Based Superalloy

Journal article


Paul Wood, Fathi Boud, Andrew Mantle, Wayne Carter, Syed Hossain, Urvashi Gunputh, Marzena Pawlik, Yiling Lu, José Díaz-Álvarez and María Henar Miguélez 2024. Comparing Bio-Ester and Mineral-Oil Emulsions on Tool Wear and Surface Integrity in Finish Turning a Ni-Based Superalloy. Lubricants. 12 (5), pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12050164
AuthorsPaul Wood, Fathi Boud, Andrew Mantle, Wayne Carter, Syed Hossain, Urvashi Gunputh, Marzena Pawlik, Yiling Lu, José Díaz-Álvarez and María Henar Miguélez
Abstract

Metalworking Fluid (MWF), also known in the industry as a coolant, provides essential lubrication and cooling to tools and workpieces, reducing friction and tool wear to enhance productivity and maintain the surface integrity of the part produced. It is predicted that the worldwide consumption of MWFs will reach 4 megatons by 2025 which represents 10% (38 million tonnes) of the fuel needed for road vehicles in the UK. Even today, MWFs used in industry for machining use formulations that are derived from fossil fuel and non-renewable energy generate a high waste stream that is incinerated. To hasten the pace to decarbonise manufacturing, in this paper, we use lab-based evidence to demonstrate that cleaner biobased MWFs can deliver at least equivalent performance to modern fossil fuel MWFs for hard alloy machining.

This paper compares the performance of two bio-ester and two mineral-oil emulsion metalworking fluids (MWFs) in finish turning an Inconel 718 alloy bar with a high hardness (HB 397–418). In this study, a coolant with a lean concentrate diluted at 6.5% to create an emulsion with stabilised water hardness was used to prepare each MWF. The finish-turning method used a small tool nose radius (0.4 mm) and small depth of cut (0.25 mm) to turn down 52.5-mm diameter bars in multiple passes to reach a maximum tool flank wear of 200 µm. In each MWF turning test, the tool flank wear, cutting forces, and surface roughness were measured against cut time. Chips from each MWF turning test were also collected at the same cut time instances. The surface and subsurface integrity on a workpiece obtained from each MWF turning test were compared by using a new unworn tool. Overall, for the machining parameters studied, the findings suggest the bio-esters were capable of equivalent machining performance as the mineral-oil emulsions, apart from one bio-ester that displayed improved surface roughness. Common to all MWF turning tests was a change in the chip form at low flank wear, which is discussed. Further findings discussed include the sensitivity of the concentration of the MWF diluted in the emulsion and the effect of the workpiece hardness within the batch used, with useful recommendations to improve the finish-turning method for the assessment of MWFs.

KeywordsInconel 718; finish turning; coolant; tool wear; surface integrity; cutting forces; bio-ester; mineral-oil; Metalworking Fluid (MWF)
Year2024
JournalLubricants
Journal citation12 (5), pp. 1-22
PublisherMDPI
ISSN2075-4442
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12050164
Web address (URL)https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12050164
Publisher's version
License
File Access Level
Open
Output statusPublished
Publication dates08 May 2024
Publication process dates
Deposited14 May 2024
Permalink -

https://repository.derby.ac.uk/item/q65z0/comparing-bio-ester-and-mineral-oil-emulsions-on-tool-wear-and-surface-integrity-in-finish-turning-a-ni-based-superalloy

Download files


Publisher's version
lubricants-12-00164-v2.pdf
License: CC BY 4.0
File access level: Open

  • 35
    total views
  • 11
    total downloads
  • 12
    views this month
  • 3
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Fatigue Damage Evolution in SS316L Produced by Powder Bed Fusion in Diferent Orientations with Reused Powder Feedstock
Wood, P., Kopec, M., Gunputh, U., Williams, G., Macek, W. and Kowalewski, Z.L. 2024. Fatigue Damage Evolution in SS316L Produced by Powder Bed Fusion in Diferent Orientations with Reused Powder Feedstock. Experimental Mechanics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-024-01118-1
A module layout design tool for off-site factory construction: Reactor Auxiliary balance of plant systems case study
Wood, P., Wrigley, P., Robertson, D., O'Neill, S. and Hall, R. 2024. A module layout design tool for off-site factory construction: Reactor Auxiliary balance of plant systems case study. Progress in Nuclear Energy. 177. https://doi.org/https10.1016/j.pnucene.2024.105411
Extreme temperature influence on low velocity impact damage and residual flexural properties of CFRP
Bavasso, I., Sergi, C., Ferrante, L., Pawlik, M., Lu, Y., Lampani, L., Trillo, J. and Sarasini, F. 2024. Extreme temperature influence on low velocity impact damage and residual flexural properties of CFRP. Polymer Composites. pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29029
Architecture influence on acoustic performance, EMI shielding, electrical and thermal, properties of 3D printed PLA/graphite/molybdenum disulfide composites
Wood, P., Łapińska, A, Grochowska, N, Cieplak , K., Płatek, P., Deuszkiewicz , P., Dużyńska, A., Sztorch, B., Głowcka, J., Przekop, R., Jóźwik, J., Gołofit, T. and Plichta, A. 2024. Architecture influence on acoustic performance, EMI shielding, electrical and thermal, properties of 3D printed PLA/graphite/molybdenum disulfide composites. Materials & Design. 245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113241
Mechanical Properties of Eco-Friendly, Lightweight Flax and Hybrid Basalt/Flax Foam Core Sandwich Panels
Marzena Pawlik, Urvashi Gunputh, Daniel Odiyi, Sarah Odofin, Huirong Le, Paul Wood, Angelo Maligno and Yiling Lu 2024. Mechanical Properties of Eco-Friendly, Lightweight Flax and Hybrid Basalt/Flax Foam Core Sandwich Panels. Materials. 17 (15), pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153842
Experimental identification of yield surface for additively manufactured stainless steel 316L under tension–compression-torsion conditions considering its printing orientation
Kopec, M., Dubey, V. P., Pawlik, M., Wood, P. and Kowalewski, Z. L. 2024. Experimental identification of yield surface for additively manufactured stainless steel 316L under tension–compression-torsion conditions considering its printing orientation. Manufacturing Letters. 41, pp. 28-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2024.07.003
Mechanical Analysis of Sandwich Plates with Lattice Metal Composite Cores
Marino, F., Pawlik, Marzena and Valvano, Stefano 2024. Mechanical Analysis of Sandwich Plates with Lattice Metal Composite Cores. Spectrum of Mechanical Engineering and Operational Research. 1 (1), pp. 44-63. https://doi.org/10.31181/smeor1120244
Microstructure Evolution in AM Produced Superalloy Thin Struts at Low Plastic Strain
Delcuse, L, Bahi, S., Gunputh, U., Ben Haj Slama, A., Guitton, A., Rusinek, A., Maloufi, N., Williams, G. and Wood, P. 2024. Microstructure Evolution in AM Produced Superalloy Thin Struts at Low Plastic Strain. Materials Today Communications. 39, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.108739
Orientation effects on the fracture behaviour of additively manufactured stainless steel 316L subjected to high cyclic fatigue
Kopec, M., Gunputh, U., Macek, W., Kowalewski, Z. L. and Wood, P. 2024. Orientation effects on the fracture behaviour of additively manufactured stainless steel 316L subjected to high cyclic fatigue. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics. 130, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2024.104287
Thin-walled LPBF-manufactured Inconel 718 honeycomb structures: Multiscale characterization
Wood, P. 2024. Thin-walled LPBF-manufactured Inconel 718 honeycomb structures: Multiscale characterization. in: Zikry, M, A. (ed.) Innovative Lightweight and High-Strength Alloys: Multiscale Integrated Processing, Experimental, and Modeling Techniques Amsterdam Elsevier.
Long Sump Life Effects of a Naturally Aged Bio-Ester Oil Emulsion on Tool Wear in Finish Turning a Ni-Based Superalloy
Paul Wood, Andrew Mantle, Fathi Boud, Carter, W., Gunputh, U., Pawlik, M., Lu, Y., José Díaz-Álvarez and María Henar Miguélez Garrido Long Sump Life Effects of a Naturally Aged Bio-Ester Oil Emulsion on Tool Wear in Finish Turning a Ni-Based Superalloy. Metals. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13091610
Modular reactors: What can we learn from modular industrial plants and off site construction research
Paul Wrigley, Paul Wood, Daniel Robertson, Jason Joannou, Sam O'Neill and Richard hall 2023. Modular reactors: What can we learn from modular industrial plants and off site construction research. Nuclear Engineering and Technology. 56 (1), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2023.07.023
Effect of Powder Bed Fusion Laser Sintering on Dimensional Accuracy and Tensile Properties of Reused Polyamide 11
Gunputh, U., Williams, G., Pawlik, M., Lu, Y. and Wood, P. 2023. Effect of Powder Bed Fusion Laser Sintering on Dimensional Accuracy and Tensile Properties of Reused Polyamide 11. Polymers. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15234602
Effect of Grain Structure on Machinability of LPBF Inconel 718: A Critical Review
Hama, J., Gunputh, U., Lu, Y., Wood, P. and Alvarez, J. 2023. Effect of Grain Structure on Machinability of LPBF Inconel 718: A Critical Review. 20th International Conference on Manufacturing Research, Incorporating the 37th National Conference on Manufacturing Research. IOS Press. https://doi.org/10.3233/ATDE230896
Characterisation of impact resistance of composite reinforced by hybridised carbon-flax fibres in polyfurfuryl alcohol resin
Lu, Y., Pawlik, M., Ganapathi, S. P., Wood, P., Gunputh, U. and Le, H. 2023. Characterisation of impact resistance of composite reinforced by hybridised carbon-flax fibres in polyfurfuryl alcohol resin. The 2nd International Conference on Mechanical Automation and Engineering Materials (MAEM 2023) . IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2612/1/012013
Prediction of carbon nanotubes reinforced interphase properties in fuzzy fibre reinforced polymer via inverse analysis and optimisation
Pawlik, M., Le, H., Wood, P. and Lu, Y. 2023. Prediction of carbon nanotubes reinforced interphase properties in fuzzy fibre reinforced polymer via inverse analysis and optimisation. Computational Material Science. 231, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2023.112548
Microstructure Effects on the Machinability of AM-Produced Superalloys
Wood, P., Díaz-Álvarez, J., Lu, Y., Rusinek, A., Gunputh, U., Bahi, S., Díaz-Álvarez, A., Miguélez, M. H., Lu, Y., Platek, P. and Sienkiewicz, J. 2023. Microstructure Effects on the Machinability of AM-Produced Superalloys. Crystals. 13 (8), pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13081190
Low cycle fatigue predictions of a space thruster built with a new refractory high entropy alloy
Valvano, S., Canale, G., Maligno, A. and Wood, P. 2023. Low cycle fatigue predictions of a space thruster built with a new refractory high entropy alloy. The Fourth International Conference on Damage Mechanics, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA, MAY 15 18, 2023.
Microstructure and geometry effects on the compressive behavior of LPBF-manufactured inconel 718 honeycomb structures
Voyiadjis, G. z., Znemah, R. A. and Paul Wood 2023. Microstructure and geometry effects on the compressive behavior of LPBF-manufactured inconel 718 honeycomb structures. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 24, pp. 1562-1578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.03.093
Creep-Fatigue Behaviours of Sn-Ag-Cu Solder Joints in Microelectronics Applications
Depiver, Joshua Adeniyi, Sabuj, Mallik, Amalu, Emeka H and Lu, Yiling 2021. Creep-Fatigue Behaviours of Sn-Ag-Cu Solder Joints in Microelectronics Applications. Production and Manufacturing Research.
Design and Manufacture of One-Size-Fits-All Healthcare Face Shields for the NHS During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Gunputh, U., Williams, G., Leighton, A., Carter, W., Varasteh, H., Pawlik, M., Lu, Y., Sims, R., Lyons, M., Clementson, J., Tripathi, G., Nick Chambers, Matt Roe and Wood, P. 2022. Design and Manufacture of One-Size-Fits-All Healthcare Face Shields for the NHS During the COVID-19 Pandemic. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4258668
On the Lubricity and Comparative Life Cycle of Biobased Synthetic and Mineral Oil Emulsions in Machining Titanium Ti-6Al-4V at Low Cutting Speed
Wood, P., Boud, F., Carter, W., Varasteh, H., Gunputh, U., Pawlik, M., Clementson, J., Lu, Y. and Hossain, S. 2022. On the Lubricity and Comparative Life Cycle of Biobased Synthetic and Mineral Oil Emulsions in Machining Titanium Ti-6Al-4V at Low Cutting Speed. Journal of Manufacturing and material processing. 6 (6), pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6060154
Computer Aided Design of Self-Learning Robotic System using Imitation Learning
Jadeja, Y., Shafik, M. and Wood, P. 2022. Computer Aided Design of Self-Learning Robotic System using Imitation Learning. Shafik, M. and Case, K. (ed.) Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Manufacturing Research, Incorporating the 36th National Conference on Manufacturing Research. IOS Press. https://doi.org/10.3233/ATDE220564
Surface engineering of carbon fibre/epoxy composites with woven steel mesh for adhesion strength enhancement
Pawlik, M., Cheah, L.Y.Y, Gunputh, U., Le, H., Wood, P. and Lu, Y. 2022. Surface engineering of carbon fibre/epoxy composites with woven steel mesh for adhesion strength enhancement. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives. 114, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2022.103105
Machinability of INCONEL718 alloy with a porous microstructure produced by laser melting powder bed fusion at higher energy densities
Wood, Paul K, Díaz-Álvarez, Antonio, Díaz-Álvarez, José, Miguélez, María Henar, Rusinek, Alexis, Williams, Gavin, Bahi, Slim, Sienkiewicz, Judyta, Płatek, Paweł, Gunputh, Urvashi Fowdar and wood, paul 2020. Machinability of INCONEL718 alloy with a porous microstructure produced by laser melting powder bed fusion at higher energy densities. Materials. 13 (24). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245730
Off-site modular construction and design in nuclear power: A systematic literature review
Wood, P., Wrigley, P., O'Neill, S., R. Hall and D. Robertson 2021. Off-site modular construction and design in nuclear power: A systematic literature review. Progress in Nuclear Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2021.103664
Strain Rate and Temperature Effects in Nanoindentation Testing on Hardness in Selective Laser Melting IN718
Reem Abo Znemah, George Z. Voyiadjis, Paul Wood and Edris Akbari 2021. Strain Rate and Temperature Effects in Nanoindentation Testing on Hardness in Selective Laser Melting IN718. Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4051691
Simple shear behavior and constitutive modeling of 304 stainless steel over a wide range of strain rates and temperatures
B. Jia, A. Rusinek, R. Pesci, R. Bernier, S. Bahi, A. Bendarma and Wood, P. 2021. Simple shear behavior and constitutive modeling of 304 stainless steel over a wide range of strain rates and temperatures. International Journal of Impact Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2021.103896
Simple shear behavior of 2024-T351 aluminum alloy over a wide range of strain rates and temperatures: Experiments and constitutive modeling
Bin Jia, Alexis Rusinek, Xinke Xiao and Paul Wood 2021. Simple shear behavior of 2024-T351 aluminum alloy over a wide range of strain rates and temperatures: Experiments and constitutive modeling. International Journal of Impact Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2021.103972
High strain rate effect on tensile ductility and fracture of AM fabricated Inconel 718 with voided microstructures
Wood, P., A. Rusinek, P. Platek, Jacek Janiszewski, J. Sienkiewicz, Gunputh, U., K. Rajkowski and M.H. Miguélez 2021. High strain rate effect on tensile ductility and fracture of AM fabricated Inconel 718 with voided microstructures. Materials & Design. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109908
Additive manufacturing of graded structures in IN718
Wood, Paul and Gunputh, Urvashi 2019. Additive manufacturing of graded structures in IN718.
Selective laser melting of a high precision turbomachinery application in IN718 alloy
Wood, Paul, Gunputh, Urvashi, Williams, Gavin, Carter, Wayne, Boud, Fathi, Bahi, Slim, Rusinek, Alexis, Kowalewski, Zbigniew, Nowak, Zdzisław, Libura, Tomasz, Voyiadjis, George, Diaz-Alvarez, Jose and Miguelez, María 2021. Selective laser melting of a high precision turbomachinery application in IN718 alloy.
Analysis of machining performance of Inconel 718 printed by PBF-LM (powder bed fusion laser melting)
Diaz-Alvarez, A, Diaz-Alvarez, J, Wood, P, Gunputh, U, Rusinek, A and Miguelez, M 2021. Analysis of machining performance of Inconel 718 printed by PBF-LM (powder bed fusion laser melting).
Selective laser melting of stainless steel 316L pressure fittings
Wood, Paul 2019. Selective laser melting of stainless steel 316L pressure fittings.
Analysis of parameters influencing build accuracy of a SLM printed compressor outlet guide vane
Otubusin, Adetayo, Wood, Paul, Appleby, John and Adamczuk, Rafael 2018. Analysis of parameters influencing build accuracy of a SLM printed compressor outlet guide vane. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1115/GT2018-75548
A review of in-situ grown nanocomposite coatings for titanium alloy implants
Gunputh, Urvashi Fowdar, Le, Huirong and Pawlik, Marzena 2020. A review of in-situ grown nanocomposite coatings for titanium alloy implants. Journal of Composites Science. 4 (2), p. 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4020041
Effect of element wall thickness on the homogeneity and isotropy of hardness in SLM IN718 using nanoindentation
Abo Znemah, Reem, Wood, Paul, Gunputh, Urvashi Fowdar and Zhang, Cheng 2020. Effect of element wall thickness on the homogeneity and isotropy of hardness in SLM IN718 using nanoindentation. Mechanics Research Communications. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechrescom.2020.103568
Effects of surface modification and graphene nanoplatelet reinforcement on adhesive joint of aluminium alloys
Pawlik, Marzena, Lu, Yiling and Le, Huirong 2020. Effects of surface modification and graphene nanoplatelet reinforcement on adhesive joint of aluminium alloys. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2020.102591
Influences of horizontal and vertical build orientations and post-fabrication processes on the fatigue behavior of stainless steel 316l produced by selective laser melting
Wood, Paul, Libura, Tomasz, Kowalewski, Zbigniew L., Williams, Gavin and Serjouei, Ahmad 2019. Influences of horizontal and vertical build orientations and post-fabrication processes on the fatigue behavior of stainless steel 316l produced by selective laser melting. Materials. 12 (24), p. 4203. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12244203
Numerical analysis of flow in the gap of a simplified tractor-trailer model with cross vortex trap device
charles, terrance, Yang, Zhiyin and Lu, Yiling 2019. Numerical analysis of flow in the gap of a simplified tractor-trailer model with cross vortex trap device. International Journal of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3593100
A novel technique for dynamic shear testing of bulk metals with application to 304 austenitic stainless steel
Jia, B., Rusinek, A., Pesci, R., Bernier, R., Bahi, S. and Wood, P. 2020. A novel technique for dynamic shear testing of bulk metals with application to 304 austenitic stainless steel. International Journal of Solids and Structures. 204-205, pp. 153-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2020.08.019
Effect of powder bed fusion laser melting process parameters, build orientation and strut thickness on porosity, accuracy and tensile properties of an auxetic structure in IN718 alloy
Bahi, S., Gunputh, U., Rusinek, A., Wood, P. and Miguelez, M.H. 2020. Effect of powder bed fusion laser melting process parameters, build orientation and strut thickness on porosity, accuracy and tensile properties of an auxetic structure in IN718 alloy. Additive Manufacturing. 36, p. 101339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101339
Antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles grown in situ and anchored to titanium dioxide nanotubes on titanium implant against Staphylococcus aureus
Gunputh, Urvashi Fowdar, Le, Huirong, Lawton, Kiruthika, Besinis, Alexandros, Tredwin, Christopher and Handy, Richard D. 2019. Antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles grown in situ and anchored to titanium dioxide nanotubes on titanium implant against Staphylococcus aureus. Nanotoxicology. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2019.1665727
Effects of the graphene nanoplatelets reinforced interphase on mechanical properties of carbon fibre reinforced polymer – A multiscale modelling study
Le, Huirong, Lu, Yiling, Pawlik, Marzena and Marzena, Pawlik 2019. Effects of the graphene nanoplatelets reinforced interphase on mechanical properties of carbon fibre reinforced polymer – A multiscale modelling study. Composites Part B: Engineering. 177, p. 107097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107097
Multilayered composite coatings of titanium dioxide nanotubes decorated with zinc oxide and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: controlled release of Zn and antimicrobial properties against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></p>
Gunputh, Urvashi Fowdar, Le, Huirong, Besinis, Alexandros, Tredwin, Christopher and Handy, Richard 2019. Multilayered composite coatings of titanium dioxide nanotubes decorated with zinc oxide and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: controlled release of Zn and antimicrobial properties against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></p>. International Journal of Nanomedicine. Volume 14, pp. 3583-3600. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s199219
Effects of the graphene on the mechanical properties of fibre reinforced polymer - a numerical and experimental study
Pawlik, Marzena 2019. Effects of the graphene on the mechanical properties of fibre reinforced polymer - a numerical and experimental study. Thesis https://doi.org/10.48773/94384
Design for plant modularisation: nuclear and SMR.
Wrigley, Paul, Wood, Paul, Stewart, Paul, Hall, Richard and Robertson, Dan 2018. Design for plant modularisation: nuclear and SMR. 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering Conference Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1115/ICONE26-81760
Module layout optimization using a genetic algorithm in light water modular nuclear reactor power plants.
Wrigley, P.A., Wood, P., Stewart, Paul and Robertson, D. 2018. Module layout optimization using a genetic algorithm in light water modular nuclear reactor power plants. Nuclear Engineering and Design. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2018.10.023
Anodised TiO 2 nanotubes as a scaffold for antibacterial silver nanoparticles on titanium implants.
Gunputh, Urvashi Fowdar, Le, Huirong, Handy, Richard and Tredwin, Christopher 2018. Anodised TiO 2 nanotubes as a scaffold for antibacterial silver nanoparticles on titanium implants. Materials Science and Engineering: C. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.05.074
Mechanical properties and microstructure of AZ31B magnesium alloy processed by I-ECAP.
Gzyl, Michal, Rosochowski, Andrzej, Pesci, Raphael, Olejnik, Lech, Yakushina, Evgenia and Wood, Paul 2013. Mechanical properties and microstructure of AZ31B magnesium alloy processed by I-ECAP. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-013-2094-z
Module layout optimization using a genetic algorithm in light water modular nuclear reactor power plants.
Wrigley, P., Wood, Paul, Stewart, Paul, Hall, Richard and Robertson, D. 2018. Module layout optimization using a genetic algorithm in light water modular nuclear reactor power plants. Nuclear Engineering and Design. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2018.10.023
Multiscale modelling of fluid and solute transport in soft tissues and microvessels
Lu, Yiling and Wang, Wen 2010. Multiscale modelling of fluid and solute transport in soft tissues and microvessels. Journal of Multiscale Modelling. https://doi.org/10.1142/S175697371000028X
Left atrial wall stress distribution and its relationship to electrophysiologic remodeling in persistent atrial fibrillation
Hunter, R. J., Liu, Yankai, Lu, Yiling, Wang, Wen and Schilling, R. J. 2012. Left atrial wall stress distribution and its relationship to electrophysiologic remodeling in persistent atrial fibrillation. Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.111.965541
Inert gas clearance from tissue by co-currently and counter-currently arranged microvessels
Lu, Yiling, Michel, C. C. and Wang, Wen 2012. Inert gas clearance from tissue by co-currently and counter-currently arranged microvessels. Journal of Applied Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00006.2012