Comparing Bio-Ester and Mineral-Oil Emulsions on Tool Wear and Surface Integrity in Finish Turning a Ni-Based Superalloy
Journal article
Paul Wood, Fathi Boud, Andrew Mantle, Wayne Carter, Syed Hossain, Urvashi Gunputh, Marzena Pawlik, Yiling Lu, José Díaz-Álvarez and María Henar Miguélez 2024. Comparing Bio-Ester and Mineral-Oil Emulsions on Tool Wear and Surface Integrity in Finish Turning a Ni-Based Superalloy. Lubricants. 12 (5), pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12050164
| Authors | Paul Wood, Fathi Boud, Andrew Mantle, Wayne Carter, Syed Hossain, Urvashi Gunputh, Marzena Pawlik, Yiling Lu, José Díaz-Álvarez and María Henar Miguélez |
|---|---|
| Abstract | Metalworking Fluid (MWF), also known in the industry as a coolant, provides essential lubrication and cooling to tools and workpieces, reducing friction and tool wear to enhance productivity and maintain the surface integrity of the part produced. It is predicted that the worldwide consumption of MWFs will reach 4 megatons by 2025 which represents 10% (38 million tonnes) of the fuel needed for road vehicles in the UK. Even today, MWFs used in industry for machining use formulations that are derived from fossil fuel and non-renewable energy generate a high waste stream that is incinerated. To hasten the pace to decarbonise manufacturing, in this paper, we use lab-based evidence to demonstrate that cleaner biobased MWFs can deliver at least equivalent performance to modern fossil fuel MWFs for hard alloy machining. This paper compares the performance of two bio-ester and two mineral-oil emulsion metalworking fluids (MWFs) in finish turning an Inconel 718 alloy bar with a high hardness (HB 397–418). In this study, a coolant with a lean concentrate diluted at 6.5% to create an emulsion with stabilised water hardness was used to prepare each MWF. The finish-turning method used a small tool nose radius (0.4 mm) and small depth of cut (0.25 mm) to turn down 52.5-mm diameter bars in multiple passes to reach a maximum tool flank wear of 200 µm. In each MWF turning test, the tool flank wear, cutting forces, and surface roughness were measured against cut time. Chips from each MWF turning test were also collected at the same cut time instances. The surface and subsurface integrity on a workpiece obtained from each MWF turning test were compared by using a new unworn tool. Overall, for the machining parameters studied, the findings suggest the bio-esters were capable of equivalent machining performance as the mineral-oil emulsions, apart from one bio-ester that displayed improved surface roughness. Common to all MWF turning tests was a change in the chip form at low flank wear, which is discussed. Further findings discussed include the sensitivity of the concentration of the MWF diluted in the emulsion and the effect of the workpiece hardness within the batch used, with useful recommendations to improve the finish-turning method for the assessment of MWFs. |
| Keywords | Inconel 718; finish turning; coolant; tool wear; surface integrity; cutting forces; bio-ester; mineral-oil; Metalworking Fluid (MWF) |
| Year | 2024 |
| Journal | Lubricants |
| Journal citation | 12 (5), pp. 1-22 |
| Publisher | MDPI |
| ISSN | 2075-4442 |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12050164 |
| Web address (URL) | https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12050164 |
| Publisher's version | License File Access Level Open |
| Output status | Published |
| Publication dates | 08 May 2024 |
| Publication process dates | |
| Deposited | 14 May 2024 |
Permalink -
https://repository.derby.ac.uk/item/q65z0/comparing-bio-ester-and-mineral-oil-emulsions-on-tool-wear-and-surface-integrity-in-finish-turning-a-ni-based-superalloy
Download files
46
total views19
total downloads0
views this month2
downloads this month
Export as
Related outputs
Cover story for Lubricants issue 'Clean coolants to decarbonise the manufacturing of hard alloys'
Wood, P. 2024. Cover story for Lubricants issue 'Clean coolants to decarbonise the manufacturing of hard alloys'. MDPI.Fatigue Damage Evolution in SS316L Produced by Powder Bed Fusion in Diferent Orientations with Reused Powder Feedstock
Wood, P., Kopec, M., Gunputh, U., Williams, G., Macek, W. and Kowalewski, Z.L. 2024. Fatigue Damage Evolution in SS316L Produced by Powder Bed Fusion in Diferent Orientations with Reused Powder Feedstock. Experimental Mechanics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-024-01118-1A module layout design tool for off-site factory construction: Reactor Auxiliary balance of plant systems case study
Wood, P., Wrigley, P., Robertson, D., O'Neill, S. and Hall, R. 2024. A module layout design tool for off-site factory construction: Reactor Auxiliary balance of plant systems case study. Progress in Nuclear Energy. 177. https://doi.org/https10.1016/j.pnucene.2024.105411Extreme temperature influence on low velocity impact damage and residual flexural properties of CFRP
Bavasso, I., Sergi, C., Ferrante, L., Pawlik, M., Lu, Y., Lampani, L., Trillo, J. and Sarasini, F. 2024. Extreme temperature influence on low velocity impact damage and residual flexural properties of CFRP. Polymer Composites. pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29029Architecture influence on acoustic performance, EMI shielding, electrical and thermal, properties of 3D printed PLA/graphite/molybdenum disulfide composites
Wood, P., Łapińska, A, Grochowska, N, Cieplak , K., Płatek, P., Deuszkiewicz , P., Dużyńska, A., Sztorch, B., Głowcka, J., Przekop, R., Jóźwik, J., Gołofit, T. and Plichta, A. 2024. Architecture influence on acoustic performance, EMI shielding, electrical and thermal, properties of 3D printed PLA/graphite/molybdenum disulfide composites. Materials & Design. 245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113241Mechanical Properties of Eco-Friendly, Lightweight Flax and Hybrid Basalt/Flax Foam Core Sandwich Panels
Marzena Pawlik, Urvashi Gunputh, Daniel Odiyi, Sarah Odofin, Huirong Le, Paul Wood, Angelo Maligno and Yiling Lu 2024. Mechanical Properties of Eco-Friendly, Lightweight Flax and Hybrid Basalt/Flax Foam Core Sandwich Panels. Materials. 17 (15), pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153842Experimental identification of yield surface for additively manufactured stainless steel 316L under tension–compression-torsion conditions considering its printing orientation
Kopec, M., Dubey, V. P., Pawlik, M., Wood, P. and Kowalewski, Z. L. 2024. Experimental identification of yield surface for additively manufactured stainless steel 316L under tension–compression-torsion conditions considering its printing orientation. Manufacturing Letters. 41, pp. 28-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2024.07.003Mechanical Analysis of Sandwich Plates with Lattice Metal Composite Cores
Marino, F., Pawlik, Marzena and Valvano, Stefano 2024. Mechanical Analysis of Sandwich Plates with Lattice Metal Composite Cores. Spectrum of Mechanical Engineering and Operational Research. 1 (1), pp. 44-63. https://doi.org/10.31181/smeor1120244Microstructure Evolution in AM Produced Superalloy Thin Struts at Low Plastic Strain
Delcuse, L, Bahi, S., Gunputh, U., Ben Haj Slama, A., Guitton, A., Rusinek, A., Maloufi, N., Williams, G. and Wood, P. 2024. Microstructure Evolution in AM Produced Superalloy Thin Struts at Low Plastic Strain. Materials Today Communications. 39, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.108739Orientation effects on the fracture behaviour of additively manufactured stainless steel 316L subjected to high cyclic fatigue
Kopec, M., Gunputh, U., Macek, W., Kowalewski, Z. L. and Wood, P. 2024. Orientation effects on the fracture behaviour of additively manufactured stainless steel 316L subjected to high cyclic fatigue. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics. 130, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2024.104287Thin-walled LPBF-manufactured Inconel 718 honeycomb structures: Multiscale characterization
Wood, P. 2024. Thin-walled LPBF-manufactured Inconel 718 honeycomb structures: Multiscale characterization. in: Zikry, M, A. (ed.) Innovative Lightweight and High-Strength Alloys: Multiscale Integrated Processing, Experimental, and Modeling Techniques Amsterdam Elsevier.Long Sump Life Effects of a Naturally Aged Bio-Ester Oil Emulsion on Tool Wear in Finish Turning a Ni-Based Superalloy
Paul Wood, Andrew Mantle, Fathi Boud, Carter, W., Gunputh, U., Pawlik, M., Lu, Y., José Díaz-Álvarez and María Henar Miguélez Garrido Long Sump Life Effects of a Naturally Aged Bio-Ester Oil Emulsion on Tool Wear in Finish Turning a Ni-Based Superalloy. Metals. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13091610Modular reactors: What can we learn from modular industrial plants and off site construction research
Paul Wrigley, Paul Wood, Daniel Robertson, Jason Joannou, Sam O'Neill and Richard hall 2023. Modular reactors: What can we learn from modular industrial plants and off site construction research. Nuclear Engineering and Technology. 56 (1), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2023.07.023Effect of Powder Bed Fusion Laser Sintering on Dimensional Accuracy and Tensile Properties of Reused Polyamide 11
Gunputh, U., Williams, G., Pawlik, M., Lu, Y. and Wood, P. 2023. Effect of Powder Bed Fusion Laser Sintering on Dimensional Accuracy and Tensile Properties of Reused Polyamide 11. Polymers. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15234602Effect of Grain Structure on Machinability of LPBF Inconel 718: A Critical Review
Hama, J., Gunputh, U., Lu, Y., Wood, P. and Alvarez, J. 2023. Effect of Grain Structure on Machinability of LPBF Inconel 718: A Critical Review. 20th International Conference on Manufacturing Research, Incorporating the 37th National Conference on Manufacturing Research. IOS Press. https://doi.org/10.3233/ATDE230896Characterisation of impact resistance of composite reinforced by hybridised carbon-flax fibres in polyfurfuryl alcohol resin
Lu, Y., Pawlik, M., Ganapathi, S. P., Wood, P., Gunputh, U. and Le, H. 2023. Characterisation of impact resistance of composite reinforced by hybridised carbon-flax fibres in polyfurfuryl alcohol resin. The 2nd International Conference on Mechanical Automation and Engineering Materials (MAEM 2023) . IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2612/1/012013Prediction of carbon nanotubes reinforced interphase properties in fuzzy fibre reinforced polymer via inverse analysis and optimisation
Pawlik, M., Le, H., Wood, P. and Lu, Y. 2023. Prediction of carbon nanotubes reinforced interphase properties in fuzzy fibre reinforced polymer via inverse analysis and optimisation. Computational Material Science. 231, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2023.112548Microstructure Effects on the Machinability of AM-Produced Superalloys
Wood, P., Díaz-Álvarez, J., Lu, Y., Rusinek, A., Gunputh, U., Bahi, S., Díaz-Álvarez, A., Miguélez, M. H., Lu, Y., Platek, P. and Sienkiewicz, J. 2023. Microstructure Effects on the Machinability of AM-Produced Superalloys. Crystals. 13 (8), pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13081190Low cycle fatigue predictions of a space thruster built with a new refractory high entropy alloy
Valvano, S., Canale, G., Maligno, A. and Wood, P. 2023. Low cycle fatigue predictions of a space thruster built with a new refractory high entropy alloy. The Fourth International Conference on Damage Mechanics, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA, MAY 15 18, 2023.Microstructure and geometry effects on the compressive behavior of LPBF-manufactured inconel 718 honeycomb structures
Voyiadjis, G. z., Znemah, R. A. and Paul Wood 2023. Microstructure and geometry effects on the compressive behavior of LPBF-manufactured inconel 718 honeycomb structures. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 24, pp. 1562-1578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.03.093
Creep-Fatigue Behaviours of Sn-Ag-Cu Solder Joints in Microelectronics Applications
Depiver, Joshua Adeniyi, Sabuj, Mallik, Amalu, Emeka H and Lu, Yiling 2021. Creep-Fatigue Behaviours of Sn-Ag-Cu Solder Joints in Microelectronics Applications. Production and Manufacturing Research.Design and Manufacture of One-Size-Fits-All Healthcare Face Shields for the NHS During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Gunputh, U., Williams, G., Leighton, A., Carter, W., Varasteh, H., Pawlik, M., Lu, Y., Sims, R., Lyons, M., Clementson, J., Tripathi, G., Nick Chambers, Matt Roe and Wood, P. 2022. Design and Manufacture of One-Size-Fits-All Healthcare Face Shields for the NHS During the COVID-19 Pandemic. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4258668On the Lubricity and Comparative Life Cycle of Biobased Synthetic and Mineral Oil Emulsions in Machining Titanium Ti-6Al-4V at Low Cutting Speed
Wood, P., Boud, F., Carter, W., Varasteh, H., Gunputh, U., Pawlik, M., Clementson, J., Lu, Y. and Hossain, S. 2022. On the Lubricity and Comparative Life Cycle of Biobased Synthetic and Mineral Oil Emulsions in Machining Titanium Ti-6Al-4V at Low Cutting Speed. Journal of Manufacturing and material processing. 6 (6), pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6060154Computer Aided Design of Self-Learning Robotic System using Imitation Learning
Jadeja, Y., Shafik, M. and Wood, P. 2022. Computer Aided Design of Self-Learning Robotic System using Imitation Learning. Shafik, M. and Case, K. (ed.) Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Manufacturing Research, Incorporating the 36th National Conference on Manufacturing Research. IOS Press. https://doi.org/10.3233/ATDE220564Surface engineering of carbon fibre/epoxy composites with woven steel mesh for adhesion strength enhancement
Pawlik, M., Cheah, L.Y.Y, Gunputh, U., Le, H., Wood, P. and Lu, Y. 2022. Surface engineering of carbon fibre/epoxy composites with woven steel mesh for adhesion strength enhancement. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives. 114, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2022.103105Machinability of INCONEL718 alloy with a porous microstructure produced by laser melting powder bed fusion at higher energy densities
Wood, Paul K, Díaz-Álvarez, Antonio, Díaz-Álvarez, José, Miguélez, María Henar, Rusinek, Alexis, Williams, Gavin, Bahi, Slim, Sienkiewicz, Judyta, Płatek, Paweł, Gunputh, Urvashi Fowdar and wood, paul 2020. Machinability of INCONEL718 alloy with a porous microstructure produced by laser melting powder bed fusion at higher energy densities. Materials. 13 (24). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245730Off-site modular construction and design in nuclear power: A systematic literature review
Wood, P., Wrigley, P., O'Neill, S., R. Hall and D. Robertson 2021. Off-site modular construction and design in nuclear power: A systematic literature review. Progress in Nuclear Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2021.103664Strain Rate and Temperature Effects in Nanoindentation Testing on Hardness in Selective Laser Melting IN718
Reem Abo Znemah, George Z. Voyiadjis, Paul Wood and Edris Akbari 2021. Strain Rate and Temperature Effects in Nanoindentation Testing on Hardness in Selective Laser Melting IN718. Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4051691Simple shear behavior and constitutive modeling of 304 stainless steel over a wide range of strain rates and temperatures
B. Jia, A. Rusinek, R. Pesci, R. Bernier, S. Bahi, A. Bendarma and Wood, P. 2021. Simple shear behavior and constitutive modeling of 304 stainless steel over a wide range of strain rates and temperatures. International Journal of Impact Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2021.103896Simple shear behavior of 2024-T351 aluminum alloy over a wide range of strain rates and temperatures: Experiments and constitutive modeling
Bin Jia, Alexis Rusinek, Xinke Xiao and Paul Wood 2021. Simple shear behavior of 2024-T351 aluminum alloy over a wide range of strain rates and temperatures: Experiments and constitutive modeling. International Journal of Impact Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2021.103972High strain rate effect on tensile ductility and fracture of AM fabricated Inconel 718 with voided microstructures
Wood, P., A. Rusinek, P. Platek, Jacek Janiszewski, J. Sienkiewicz, Gunputh, U., K. Rajkowski and M.H. Miguélez 2021. High strain rate effect on tensile ductility and fracture of AM fabricated Inconel 718 with voided microstructures. Materials & Design. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109908Additive manufacturing of graded structures in IN718
Wood, Paul and Gunputh, Urvashi 2019. Additive manufacturing of graded structures in IN718.Selective laser melting of a high precision turbomachinery application in IN718 alloy
Wood, Paul, Gunputh, Urvashi, Williams, Gavin, Carter, Wayne, Boud, Fathi, Bahi, Slim, Rusinek, Alexis, Kowalewski, Zbigniew, Nowak, Zdzisław, Libura, Tomasz, Voyiadjis, George, Diaz-Alvarez, Jose and Miguelez, María 2021. Selective laser melting of a high precision turbomachinery application in IN718 alloy.Analysis of machining performance of Inconel 718 printed by PBF-LM (powder bed fusion laser melting)
Diaz-Alvarez, A, Diaz-Alvarez, J, Wood, P, Gunputh, U, Rusinek, A and Miguelez, M 2021. Analysis of machining performance of Inconel 718 printed by PBF-LM (powder bed fusion laser melting).Selective laser melting of stainless steel 316L pressure fittings
Wood, Paul 2019. Selective laser melting of stainless steel 316L pressure fittings.Analysis of parameters influencing build accuracy of a SLM printed compressor outlet guide vane
Otubusin, Adetayo, Wood, Paul, Appleby, John and Adamczuk, Rafael 2018. Analysis of parameters influencing build accuracy of a SLM printed compressor outlet guide vane. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1115/GT2018-75548A review of in-situ grown nanocomposite coatings for titanium alloy implants
Gunputh, Urvashi Fowdar, Le, Huirong and Pawlik, Marzena 2020. A review of in-situ grown nanocomposite coatings for titanium alloy implants. Journal of Composites Science. 4 (2), p. 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4020041Effect of element wall thickness on the homogeneity and isotropy of hardness in SLM IN718 using nanoindentation
Abo Znemah, Reem, Wood, Paul, Gunputh, Urvashi Fowdar and Zhang, Cheng 2020. Effect of element wall thickness on the homogeneity and isotropy of hardness in SLM IN718 using nanoindentation. Mechanics Research Communications. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechrescom.2020.103568Effects of surface modification and graphene nanoplatelet reinforcement on adhesive joint of aluminium alloys
Pawlik, Marzena, Lu, Yiling and Le, Huirong 2020. Effects of surface modification and graphene nanoplatelet reinforcement on adhesive joint of aluminium alloys. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2020.102591Influences of horizontal and vertical build orientations and post-fabrication processes on the fatigue behavior of stainless steel 316l produced by selective laser melting
Wood, Paul, Libura, Tomasz, Kowalewski, Zbigniew L., Williams, Gavin and Serjouei, Ahmad 2019. Influences of horizontal and vertical build orientations and post-fabrication processes on the fatigue behavior of stainless steel 316l produced by selective laser melting. Materials. 12 (24), p. 4203. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12244203Numerical analysis of flow in the gap of a simplified tractor-trailer model with cross vortex trap device
charles, terrance, Yang, Zhiyin and Lu, Yiling 2019. Numerical analysis of flow in the gap of a simplified tractor-trailer model with cross vortex trap device. International Journal of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3593100A novel technique for dynamic shear testing of bulk metals with application to 304 austenitic stainless steel
Jia, B., Rusinek, A., Pesci, R., Bernier, R., Bahi, S. and Wood, P. 2020. A novel technique for dynamic shear testing of bulk metals with application to 304 austenitic stainless steel. International Journal of Solids and Structures. 204-205, pp. 153-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2020.08.019Effect of powder bed fusion laser melting process parameters, build orientation and strut thickness on porosity, accuracy and tensile properties of an auxetic structure in IN718 alloy
Bahi, S., Gunputh, U., Rusinek, A., Wood, P. and Miguelez, M.H. 2020. Effect of powder bed fusion laser melting process parameters, build orientation and strut thickness on porosity, accuracy and tensile properties of an auxetic structure in IN718 alloy. Additive Manufacturing. 36, p. 101339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101339Antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles grown in situ and anchored to titanium dioxide nanotubes on titanium implant against Staphylococcus aureus
Gunputh, Urvashi Fowdar, Le, Huirong, Lawton, Kiruthika, Besinis, Alexandros, Tredwin, Christopher and Handy, Richard D. 2019. Antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles grown in situ and anchored to titanium dioxide nanotubes on titanium implant against Staphylococcus aureus. Nanotoxicology. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2019.1665727Effects of the graphene nanoplatelets reinforced interphase on mechanical properties of carbon fibre reinforced polymer – A multiscale modelling study
Le, Huirong, Lu, Yiling, Pawlik, Marzena and Marzena, Pawlik 2019. Effects of the graphene nanoplatelets reinforced interphase on mechanical properties of carbon fibre reinforced polymer – A multiscale modelling study. Composites Part B: Engineering. 177, p. 107097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107097Multilayered composite coatings of titanium dioxide nanotubes decorated with zinc oxide and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: controlled release of Zn and antimicrobial properties against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></p>
Gunputh, Urvashi Fowdar, Le, Huirong, Besinis, Alexandros, Tredwin, Christopher and Handy, Richard 2019. Multilayered composite coatings of titanium dioxide nanotubes decorated with zinc oxide and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: controlled release of Zn and antimicrobial properties against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></p>. International Journal of Nanomedicine. Volume 14, pp. 3583-3600. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s199219Effects of the graphene on the mechanical properties of fibre reinforced polymer - a numerical and experimental study
Pawlik, Marzena 2019. Effects of the graphene on the mechanical properties of fibre reinforced polymer - a numerical and experimental study. Thesis https://doi.org/10.48773/94384Design for plant modularisation: nuclear and SMR.
Wrigley, Paul, Wood, Paul, Stewart, Paul, Hall, Richard and Robertson, Dan 2018. Design for plant modularisation: nuclear and SMR. 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering Conference Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1115/ICONE26-81760Module layout optimization using a genetic algorithm in light water modular nuclear reactor power plants.
Wrigley, P.A., Wood, P., Stewart, Paul and Robertson, D. 2018. Module layout optimization using a genetic algorithm in light water modular nuclear reactor power plants. Nuclear Engineering and Design. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2018.10.023Anodised TiO 2 nanotubes as a scaffold for antibacterial silver nanoparticles on titanium implants.
Gunputh, Urvashi Fowdar, Le, Huirong, Handy, Richard and Tredwin, Christopher 2018. Anodised TiO 2 nanotubes as a scaffold for antibacterial silver nanoparticles on titanium implants. Materials Science and Engineering: C. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.05.074Mechanical properties and microstructure of AZ31B magnesium alloy processed by I-ECAP.
Gzyl, Michal, Rosochowski, Andrzej, Pesci, Raphael, Olejnik, Lech, Yakushina, Evgenia and Wood, Paul 2013. Mechanical properties and microstructure of AZ31B magnesium alloy processed by I-ECAP. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-013-2094-zModule layout optimization using a genetic algorithm in light water modular nuclear reactor power plants.
Wrigley, P., Wood, Paul, Stewart, Paul, Hall, Richard and Robertson, D. 2018. Module layout optimization using a genetic algorithm in light water modular nuclear reactor power plants. Nuclear Engineering and Design. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2018.10.023Multiscale modelling of fluid and solute transport in soft tissues and microvessels
Lu, Yiling and Wang, Wen 2010. Multiscale modelling of fluid and solute transport in soft tissues and microvessels. Journal of Multiscale Modelling. https://doi.org/10.1142/S175697371000028XLeft atrial wall stress distribution and its relationship to electrophysiologic remodeling in persistent atrial fibrillation
Hunter, R. J., Liu, Yankai, Lu, Yiling, Wang, Wen and Schilling, R. J. 2012. Left atrial wall stress distribution and its relationship to electrophysiologic remodeling in persistent atrial fibrillation. Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.111.965541