Examining the effects of rational emotive behavior therapy on performance outcomes in elite paralympic athletes
Journal article
Wood, Andrew G., Barker, Jamie B., Turner, Martin J. and Sheffield, David 2017. Examining the effects of rational emotive behavior therapy on performance outcomes in elite paralympic athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12926
| Authors | Wood, Andrew G., Barker, Jamie B., Turner, Martin J. and Sheffield, David |
|---|---|
| Abstract | Traditionally a psychotherapeutic intervention, rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is receiving increasing attention within the extant literature as an intervention to enhance the athletic performance and psychological well-being of competitive athletes. Whilst the benefits of REBT on psychological health are established, less is understood about the effects on athletic performance. This study aimed to examine the immediate and maintained effects of REBT on physiological, psychological, and performance outcomes with elite Paralympic athletes. Using a single-case research design, eight athletes recruited from the same Paralympic sport (M=40.12, SD=12.99) received five, one-to-one REBT sessions. Measures of irrational beliefs were collected weekly, whereas the remaining psychological and physiological measures were collected at a pre-, post-, and at a 9-month follow-up time point. Visual and statistical analyzes of the data indicates reductions in irrational beliefs were coupled with reductions in systolic blood pressure indicative of an adaptive physiological response, improved athletic performance during competition simulations, and reductions in avoidance goals. Furthermore, social validation data indicated greater self-awareness, emotional control, and enhanced focus during competition as a result of the REBT intervention. This study contributes to growing literature supporting the efficacy of REBT as an intervention that not only facilitates psychological health but also enhances athletic performance. Results are discussed with reference to theory, limitations, and future recommendations. |
| Keywords | Irrational beliefs; Paralympic athletes; Elite sport; Emotion; Phsyiology; Single-case design; Stress |
| Year | 2017 |
| Journal | Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports |
| ISSN | 09057188 |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12926 |
| Web address (URL) | http://hdl.handle.net/10545/621824 |
| hdl:10545/621824 | |
| Publication dates | 05 Jun 2017 |
| Publication process dates | |
| Deposited | 29 Aug 2017, 07:51 |
| Accepted | 30 May 2017 |
| Rights | Archived with thanks to Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports |
| Contributors | Staffordshire University, University of Derby, Life Sciences and Education; Staffordshire University; Stoke-on-Trent UK, Life Sciences and Education; Staffordshire University; Stoke-on-Trent UK, Life Sciences and Education; Staffordshire University; Stoke-on-Trent UK and Life Sciences; University of Derby; Derby UK |
| File | File Access Level Controlled |
| File | File Access Level Open |
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Van Gordon, William, Shonin, Edo, Dunn, Thomas J., Sheffield, David, Garcia-Campayo, Javier and Griffiths, Mark D. 2018. Meditation-induced near-death dxperiences: a 3-year longitudinal study. Mindfulness. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0922-3A pilot study mapping citizens' interaction with urban nature
Ferrara, E., Liotta, A., Erhan, L., Ndubuaku, M., Giusto, D., Richardson, M., Sheffield, D. and McEwan, K. 2018. A pilot study mapping citizens' interaction with urban nature. IEEE International Symposium on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing. Athens, Greece 12 - 15 Aug 2018 IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc/picom/datacom/cyberscitec.2018.00-21A Demographic Analysis of Urban Nature Utilization
Ferrara, E., Liotta, A., Ndubuaku, M., Erhan, L., Giusto, D., Richardson, M., Sheffield, D. and McEwan, K. 2018. A Demographic Analysis of Urban Nature Utilization. 10th Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Conference. 19 - 21 Sep 2018 IEEE Xplore. https://doi.org/10.1109/ceec.2018.8674206Creation and validation of the belief in the supernatural scale
Schofield, M.B., Baker, I.S., Staples, P. and Sheffield, D. 2018. Creation and validation of the belief in the supernatural scale. Journal of Parapsychology. 82 (1), pp. 41-84. https://doi.org/10.3089l/jopar.2018.01.04Performance Under Stress: An Eye-Tracking Investigation of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT)
Boban Simonovic, Edward J. N. Stupple, Maggie Gale, David Sheffield and Stupple, E. 2018. Performance Under Stress: An Eye-Tracking Investigation of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00217Mental health attitudes, self-criticism, compassion and role identity among UK social work students.
Kotera, Y., Green, Pauline Catherine and Sheffield, David 2018. Mental health attitudes, self-criticism, compassion and role identity among UK social work students. The British Journal Of Social Work. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcy072Numeracy apprehension in young children: Insights from children aged 4-7 years and primary care providers
Petronzi, D., Staples, Paul, Sheffield, David and Fitton-Wilde, Sandra 2018. Numeracy apprehension in young children: Insights from children aged 4-7 years and primary care providers. Psychology and Education.Further development of the Children’s Mathematics Anxiety Scale UK (CMAS-UK) for ages 4–7 years
Petronzi, D., Staples, Paul, Sheffield, David, Hunt, Thomas E. and Fitton-Wilde, Sandra 2018. Further development of the Children’s Mathematics Anxiety Scale UK (CMAS-UK) for ages 4–7 years. Educational Studies in Mathematics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-018-9860-1The applications of neuro-linguistic programming in organizational settings: A systematic review of psychological outcomes.
Kotera, Y., Sheffield, David and Van Gordon, William 2018. The applications of neuro-linguistic programming in organizational settings: A systematic review of psychological outcomes. Human Resource Development Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21334Self-criticism and self-reassurance as mediators between mental health attitudes and symptoms: Attitudes towards mental health problems in Japanese workers.
Kotera, Y., Gilbert, Paul, Asano, Kenichi, Ishimura, Ikuo and Sheffield, David 2018. Self-criticism and self-reassurance as mediators between mental health attitudes and symptoms: Attitudes towards mental health problems in Japanese workers. Asian Journal of Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12355Exploring emptiness and its effects on non-attachment, mystical experiences, and psycho-spiritual wellbeing: a quantitative and qualitative study of advanced meditators.
Van Gordon, William, Shonin, Edo, Dunn, Thomas J., Sapthiang, Supakyada, Kotera, Y., Garcia-Campayo, Javier and Sheffield, David 2018. Exploring emptiness and its effects on non-attachment, mystical experiences, and psycho-spiritual wellbeing: a quantitative and qualitative study of advanced meditators. Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2018.12.003The integration of the workable range model into a mindfulness-based stress reduction course: a practice-based case study
Rose, Sally A., Sheffield, David and Harling, Martyn 2017. The integration of the workable range model into a mindfulness-based stress reduction course: a practice-based case study. Mindfulness. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0787-xForget cancer, let's MOVE: a behaviour change support model for physical activity for young people during and after cancer
Cross, Ainslea, Sheffield, David and Elander, James 2017. Forget cancer, let's MOVE: a behaviour change support model for physical activity for young people during and after cancer. Health Psychology Update.An investigation into problematic smartphone use: The role of narcissism, anxiety, and personality factors
Hussain, Zaheer, Griffiths, Mark D. and Sheffield, David 2017. An investigation into problematic smartphone use: The role of narcissism, anxiety, and personality factors. Journal of Behavioral Addictions. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.052Beyond knowing nature: Contact, emotion, compassion, meaning, and beauty are pathways to nature connection
Ryan Lumber, Miles Richardson and David Sheffield 2017. Beyond knowing nature: Contact, emotion, compassion, meaning, and beauty are pathways to nature connection. PLos ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177186Blunted cardiovascular reactions are a predictor of negative health outcomes: A prospective cohort study
Yuenyongchaiwat, Kornanong and Sheffield, David 2017. Blunted cardiovascular reactions are a predictor of negative health outcomes: A prospective cohort study. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research. https://doi.org/10.1111/jabr.12091A longitudinal exploration of pain tolerance and participation in contact sports
Thornton, Claire, Sheffield, David and Baird, Andrew 2017. A longitudinal exploration of pain tolerance and participation in contact sports. Scandinavian Journal of Pain. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.02.007Mental arithmetic performance, physiological reactivity and mathematics anxiety amongst U.K. primary school children
Hunt, Thomas E., Bhardwa, Janki and Sheffield, David 2017. Mental arithmetic performance, physiological reactivity and mathematics anxiety amongst U.K. primary school children. Learning and Individual Differences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2017.03.016The value of art therapy in antenatal and postnatal care: A brief literature review with recommendations for future research
Hogan, S., Sheffield, D. and Woodward, A. 2017. The value of art therapy in antenatal and postnatal care: A brief literature review with recommendations for future research. International Journal of Art Therapy: Inscape. https://doi.org/10.1080/17454832.2017.1299774Mental contrasting as a behaviour change technique: a systematic review protocol paper of effects, mediators and moderators on health
Cross, Ainslea and Sheffield, David 2016. Mental contrasting as a behaviour change technique: a systematic review protocol paper of effects, mediators and moderators on health. Biomed Central. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0382-6Disney strategy for Japanese university students' career guidance: a mixed methods pilot study
Kotera, Y. and Sheffield, David 2017. Disney strategy for Japanese university students' career guidance: a mixed methods pilot study. Journal of the National Institute for Career Education and Counselling. https://doi.org/10.20856/jnicec.3808The physiological and emotional effects of touch: Assessing a hand-massage intervention with high self-critics
Maratos, Frances A., Duarte, Joana, Barnes, Christopher, McEwan, Kirsten, Sheffield, David and Gilbert, Paul 2017. The physiological and emotional effects of touch: Assessing a hand-massage intervention with high self-critics. Psychiatry Research. 250, pp. 221-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.066Pupil Dilation and Cognitive Reflection as Predictors of Performance on the Iowa Gambling Task
Simonovic, B., Stupple, E.J.N., Gale, M. and Sheffield, D. 2017. Pupil Dilation and Cognitive Reflection as Predictors of Performance on the Iowa Gambling Task. Cognitive Science Society.Children’s well-being and nature connectedness: Exploring the impact of a ‘3-good-things’ writing task on nature connectedness and well-being.
Harvey, Caroline, Sheffield, David and Richardson, Miles 2016. Children’s well-being and nature connectedness: Exploring the impact of a ‘3-good-things’ writing task on nature connectedness and well-being.The impact of a school-based gardening intervention on intentions and behaviour related to fruit and vegetable consumption in children
Duncan, Michael J., Eyre, Emma, Bryant, Elizabeth, Clarke, Neil, Birch, Samantha, Staples, Vicki and Sheffield, David 2015. The impact of a school-based gardening intervention on intentions and behaviour related to fruit and vegetable consumption in children. Journal of Health Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105315573445The effect of creative psychological interventions on psychological outcomes for adult cancer patients: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Archer, Stephanie, Buxton, Sarah and Sheffield, David 2014. The effect of creative psychological interventions on psychological outcomes for adult cancer patients: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Psycho-Oncology. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3607Symptoms of anxiety and depression are related to cardiovascular responses to active, but not passive, coping tasks
Yuenyongchaiwat, Kornanong, Baker, Ian S. and Sheffield, David 2016. Symptoms of anxiety and depression are related to cardiovascular responses to active, but not passive, coping tasks. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2016-1935The yips in sport: A systematic review
Philip Clarke, David Sheffield and Sally Akehurst 2015. The yips in sport: A systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984x.2015.1052088The relationship between pain beliefs and physical and mental health outcome measures in chronic low back pain: direct and indirect effects
Baird, Andrew and Sheffield, David 2016. The relationship between pain beliefs and physical and mental health outcome measures in chronic low back pain: direct and indirect effects. Healthcare. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare4030058Three good things in nature: Noticing nearby nature brings sustained increases in connection with nature.
Richardson, Miles and Sheffield, David 2017. Three good things in nature: Noticing nearby nature brings sustained increases in connection with nature. PsyEcology. https://doi.org/10.1080/21711976.2016.1267136Joy and calm: how an evolutionary functional model of affect regulation informs positive emotions in nature
Richardson, Miles, McEwan, Kirsten, Maratos, Frances A. and Sheffield, David 2016. Joy and calm: how an evolutionary functional model of affect regulation informs positive emotions in nature. Evolutionary Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-016-0065-5Exploring the Relationship Between Mathematics Anxiety and Performance: An Eye-Tracking Approach
Hunt, Thomas E., Clark-Carter, David and Sheffield, David 2014. Exploring the Relationship Between Mathematics Anxiety and Performance: An Eye-Tracking Approach. Applied Cognitive Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3099Math anxiety, intrusive thoughts and performance: Exploring the relationship between mathematics anxiety and performance: The role of intrusive thoughts
Hunt, Thomas E., Clark-Carter, David and Sheffield, David 2014. Math anxiety, intrusive thoughts and performance: Exploring the relationship between mathematics anxiety and performance: The role of intrusive thoughts. Journal of Education, Psychology and Social Sciences.Brief report: Self-compassion, physical health and the mediating role of health-promoting behaviours.
Dunne S, Sheffield D and Chilcot J 2016. Brief report: Self-compassion, physical health and the mediating role of health-promoting behaviours. Journal of Health Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105316643377Nature: A New Paradigm for Well-being and Ergonomics.
Richardson M, Maspero M, Golightly D, Sheffield D, Staples V and Lumber R 2016. Nature: A New Paradigm for Well-being and Ergonomics. Ergonomics. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2016.1157213Manipulating cardiovascular indices of challenge and threat using resource appraisals.
Turner, Martin J., Jones, Marc V., Sheffield, David, Barker, Jamie B. and Coffee, Peter 2014. Manipulating cardiovascular indices of challenge and threat using resource appraisals. International Journal of Psychophysiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.07.004The Impact of Children’s Connection to Nature. A Report for the Royal Society of the Protection of Birds (RSPB)
Richardson, M., Sheffield, D., Harvey, C. and Petronzi, D. 2016. The Impact of Children’s Connection to Nature. A Report for the Royal Society of the Protection of Birds (RSPB). Derby RSPB.Stress and risky decision making: Cognitive reflection, emotional learning or both.
Simonovic, B., Stupple, Edward J. N., Gale, Maggie and Sheffield, David 2016. Stress and risky decision making: Cognitive reflection, emotional learning or both. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.1980Mental representations of the supernatural: A cluster analysis of religiosity, spirituality and paranormal belief
Schofield, M., Baker, Ian S., Staples, Paul and Sheffield, David 2016. Mental representations of the supernatural: A cluster analysis of religiosity, spirituality and paranormal belief. Personality and Individual Differences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.020Do Cardiovascular Responses to Active and Passive Coping Tasks predict Future Blood Pressure over a 10-Month Later?
Yuenyongchaiwat, Kornanong, Baker, Ian S., Maratos, Frances A. and Sheffield, David 2016. Do Cardiovascular Responses to Active and Passive Coping Tasks predict Future Blood Pressure over a 10-Month Later? The Spanish Journal of Psychology. 19. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2016.5'Everything's from the inside out with PCOS': Exploring women's experiences of living with polycystic ovary syndrome and co-morbidities through Skype interviews
Williams, Sophie, Sheffield, David and Knibb, Rebecca C. 2015. 'Everything's from the inside out with PCOS': Exploring women's experiences of living with polycystic ovary syndrome and co-morbidities through Skype interviews. Health Psychology Open. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055102915603051A snapshot of the lives of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A photovoice investigation.
Williams, Sophie, Sheffield, David and Knibb, Rebecca C. 2014. A snapshot of the lives of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A photovoice investigation. Journal of Health Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314547941The development and part validation of a U.K. scale for mathematics anxiety
Hunt, Thomas E., Clark-Carter, David and Sheffield, David 2011. The development and part validation of a U.K. scale for mathematics anxiety. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282910392892Reflective self-attention: A more stable predictor of connection to nature than mindful attention.
Richardson, Miles and Sheffield, David 2015. Reflective self-attention: A more stable predictor of connection to nature than mindful attention. Ecopsychology. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2015.0010Cognitive and affective components of challenge and threat states
Meijen, Carla, Jones, Marc V., McCarthy, Paul J., Sheffield, David and Allen, Mark S. 2013. Cognitive and affective components of challenge and threat states. Journal of Sports Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.753157Hemodynamic responses to active and passive coping tasks and the prediction of future blood pressure in Thai participants: A preliminary prospective cohort study
Yuenyongchaiwat, K., Sheffield, D., Baker, I. and Maratos, F. 2015. Hemodynamic responses to active and passive coping tasks and the prediction of future blood pressure in Thai participants: A preliminary prospective cohort study. Japanese Psychological Research. 57 (4), pp. 288-299. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12089Who thrives under pressure? predicting the performance of elite academy cricketers using the cardiovascular indicators of challenge and threat states
Turner, Martin J., Jones, Marc V., Sheffield, David, Slater, Matthew J., Barker, Jamie B. and Bell, James J. 2013. Who thrives under pressure? predicting the performance of elite academy cricketers using the cardiovascular indicators of challenge and threat states.