Calmer, Kinder, Wiser: A Novel Threefold Categorization for Mindfulness-Based Interventions

Journal article


Furnell, M., Van Gordon, W. and Elander, J. 2023. Calmer, Kinder, Wiser: A Novel Threefold Categorization for Mindfulness-Based Interventions. Mindfulness. pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-023-02273-7
AuthorsFurnell, M., Van Gordon, W. and Elander, J.
Abstract

Mindfulness is said to be a connecting thread between an ancient philosophy on the one hand and a contemporary psychological practice on the other. However, some contemporary mindfulness practices have arguably become so disconnected from their roots in Buddhist ethics and wisdom principles that the fundamental essence of the practice is no longer recognisable. It appears that when mindfulness is disconnected from its Buddhist ethical and wisdom-based foundations, being applied as a purely concentrative practice, it can yield adverse effects (such as decreased prosocial behaviour, increased self-centredness, and reduced psychological well-being) for individuals with low-trait empathy or narcissistic traits. Consequently, we propose a novel threefold categorization that aims to build bridges between contemporary Western and traditional Buddhist approaches to mindfulness. This categorization, rooted in the traditional “three trainings” or “triśikṣā” Buddhist principle, distinguishes between the mindfulness practices incorporated within mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs), according to whether they primarily employ concentration-, ethics-, or wisdom-based contemplative techniques. We explicate how this more nuanced categorization provides a greater understanding of how varied mindfulness practices could influence outcomes associated with an individual’s prosocial behaviour, social and emotional well-being, and mental health. Additionally, we highlight the potential of greater research into MBIs that are structured around the Mindfulness of Breathing or the Ānāpānasati Sutta progression of concentration-based to ethics-based and finally to wisdom-based practices, particularly in terms of their utility to facilitate self-transcendent experiences.

KeywordsMindfulness; Meditation; Mindfulness-based interventions; Buddhism; Mental health
Year2023
JournalMindfulness
Journal citationpp. 1-13
PublisherSpringer
ISSN 1868-8535
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-023-02273-7
Web address (URL)https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12671-023-02273-7
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License
File Access Level
Open
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online26 Dec 2023
Publication process dates
Accepted17 Nov 2023
Deposited02 Jan 2024
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Haemophilia
Elander, James 2019. Haemophilia. in: Cambridge University Press.
Sickle cell disease
Elander, James 2019. Sickle cell disease. in: Cambridge University Press.
Adolescent problem gambling requires community-level health promotion approaches
Sapthiang, S., Shonin, E., Griffiths, M.D. and Van Gordon, William 2019. Adolescent problem gambling requires community-level health promotion approaches. Addiction Research and Theory. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2019.1590559
Validation of a scale for assessing social validity in mindfulness-based education programs
López-González, L., Herrero-Fernández, D., Amutio, A., Santamaría, T. and Van Gordon, William 2019. Validation of a scale for assessing social validity in mindfulness-based education programs. Mindfulness. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01138-2
Exploring the role of meditation and dispositional mindfulness on social cognition domains: a controlled study.
Campos, Daniel, Modrego-Alarcón, Marta, López-Del-Hoyo, Yolanda, González-Panzano, Manuel, Van Gordon, William, Shonin, Edo, Navarro-Gil, Mayte and García-Campayo, Javier 2019. Exploring the role of meditation and dispositional mindfulness on social cognition domains: a controlled study. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00809
Mindfulness for addressing key public health concerns in young people: Preventative applications and safety concerns.
Sapthiang, S., Shonin, E., Griffiths, M.D. and Van Gordon, William 2019. Mindfulness for addressing key public health concerns in young people: Preventative applications and safety concerns. Education and Health.
An international study of analgesic dependence among people with pain in the general population
Omimah, Said, Elander, James and Maratos, Frances A. 2019. An international study of analgesic dependence among people with pain in the general population. Substance Use and Misuse. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2019.1577457
Searching compassion in a crowd: Evaluation of a novel compassion visual search task to reduce self-criticism
McEwan, Kirsten, Dandeneau, Stephane, Gilbert, Paul, Maratos, Frances, Andrew, Lucy, Chotai, Shivani and Elander, James 2019. Searching compassion in a crowd: Evaluation of a novel compassion visual search task to reduce self-criticism. EC PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY.
Effects of a brief online mindfulness intervention on mindfulness, psychological distress and parenting stress in preschool parents.
Chapman, C and Van Gordon, William 2018. Effects of a brief online mindfulness intervention on mindfulness, psychological distress and parenting stress in preschool parents. Mindfulness & Compassion.
The mental health needs of child and adolescent refugees and asylum seekers entering Europe.
Sapthiang, s, Shonin, E, Griffiths, M and Van Gordon, William 2019. The mental health needs of child and adolescent refugees and asylum seekers entering Europe. Social Health and Behaviour..
Mindfulness in schools: a health promotion approach to improving adolescent mental health.
Sapthiang, Supakyada, Van Gordon, William and Shonin, Edo 2018. Mindfulness in schools: a health promotion approach to improving adolescent mental health. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-0001-y
The invisible child: sibling experiences of growing up with a brother with severe haemophilia - an interpretative phenomenological analysis.
Tregidgo, Catherine and Elander, James 2018. The invisible child: sibling experiences of growing up with a brother with severe haemophilia - an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Haemophilia. https://doi.org/10.1111/hae.13659
How Japanese managers use NLP in their daily work
Kotera, Y. and Van Gordon, William 2019. How Japanese managers use NLP in their daily work. in: Taylor & Francis.
Japanese managers’ experiences of neuro-linguistic programming: a qualitative investigation
Kotera, Y. and Van Gordon, William 2019. Japanese managers’ experiences of neuro-linguistic programming: a qualitative investigation. The Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMHTEP-06-2018-0033
Do individuals with Chronic Pain show attentional bias to pain-related information? An early stage systematic review of the eye-tracking evidence.
Gaffiero, D., Elander, James and Maratos, Frances 2019. Do individuals with Chronic Pain show attentional bias to pain-related information? An early stage systematic review of the eye-tracking evidence. Cognitive Psychology Bulletin.
Development and validation of the satisfaction with treatment for pain questionnaire (STPQ) among patients with sickle cell disease
Bij, Deepali, Kapadi, Romaana, Schofield, M., Osias, Arlene, Khalid, Nosheen, Kaya, Banu, Telfer, Paul and Elander, James 2019. Development and validation of the satisfaction with treatment for pain questionnaire (STPQ) among patients with sickle cell disease. British Journal of Haematology. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.16015
The lived experiences of experienced Vipassana Mahasi meditators: an interpretative phenomenological analysis.
Ekici, Cimen, Garip, Gulcan and Van Gordon, William 2018. The lived experiences of experienced Vipassana Mahasi meditators: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Mindfulness. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-1063-4
Effects of mindfulness training on sleep problems in patients with fibromyalgia.
Amutio, Alberto, Franco, Clemente, Sánchez-Sánchez, Laura C., Pérez-Fuentes, María del C., Gázquez-Linares, José J., Van Gordon, William and Molero-Jurado, María del M. 2018. Effects of mindfulness training on sleep problems in patients with fibromyalgia. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01365
Evaluation of a measure of sickle cell disease patients’ satisfaction with hospital care: A student researcher’s perspective.
Elander, James 2018. Evaluation of a measure of sickle cell disease patients’ satisfaction with hospital care: A student researcher’s perspective. Health Psychology Update.
Evaluation of a web-based self-compassion intervention to reduce student assessment anxiety.
McEwan, Kirsten, Elander, James and Gilbert, Paul 2018. Evaluation of a web-based self-compassion intervention to reduce student assessment anxiety. Interdisciplinary Education and Psychology.
Meditation-induced near-death dxperiences: a 3-year longitudinal study.
Van Gordon, William, Shonin, Edo, Dunn, Thomas J., Sheffield, David, Garcia-Campayo, Javier and Griffiths, Mark D. 2018. Meditation-induced near-death dxperiences: a 3-year longitudinal study. Mindfulness. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0922-3
Effects of attachment-based compassion therapy (ABCT) on self-compassion and attachment style in healthy people.
Navarro-Gil, Mayte, Lopez-del-Hoyo, Yolanda, Modrego-Alarcón, Marta, Montero-Marin, Jesus, Van Gordon, William, Shonin, Edo and Garcia-Campayo, Javier 2018. Effects of attachment-based compassion therapy (ABCT) on self-compassion and attachment style in healthy people. Mindfulness. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0896-1
Mindfulness and nature
Van Gordon, William, Shonin, Edo and Richardson, Miles 2018. Mindfulness and nature. Mindfulness. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0883-6
Efficacy of “attachment-based compassion therapy” in the treatment of fibromyalgia: A randomized controlled trial.
Montero-Marín, Jesús, Navarro-Gil, Mayte, Puebla-Guedea, Marta, Luciano, Juan V., Van Gordon, William, Shonin, Edo and García-Campayo, Javier 2018. Efficacy of “attachment-based compassion therapy” in the treatment of fibromyalgia: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00307
Mental wellbeing of caring profession students: relationship with caregiver identity, self-compassion, and intrinsic motivation.
Kotera, Y., Green, Pauline and Van Gordon, William 2018. Mental wellbeing of caring profession students: relationship with caregiver identity, self-compassion, and intrinsic motivation. Mindfulness & Compassion.
The relationship between work motivation and worker profile in UK hospitality workers.
Kotera, Y., Adhikari, Prateek and Van Gordon, William 2018. The relationship between work motivation and worker profile in UK hospitality workers. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling.
Ethical judgement in UK business students: relationship with motivation, self-compassion and mental health.
Kotera, Y., Conway, E. and Van Gordon, William 2018. Ethical judgement in UK business students: relationship with motivation, self-compassion and mental health. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-0034-2
The applications of neuro-linguistic programming in organizational settings: A systematic review of psychological outcomes.
Kotera, Y., Sheffield, David and Van Gordon, William 2018. The applications of neuro-linguistic programming in organizational settings: A systematic review of psychological outcomes. Human Resource Development Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21334
Motivation types and mental health of UK hospitality workers.
Kotera, Y., Adhikari, Prateek and Van Gordon, William 2018. Motivation types and mental health of UK hospitality workers. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9874-z
What is acceptance, and how could it affect health outcomes for people receiving renal dialysis?
Stalker, C., Elander, James, Mitchell, Kathryn, Taal, Maarten W., Selby, Nicholas and Stewart, Paul 2018. What is acceptance, and how could it affect health outcomes for people receiving renal dialysis? Health Psychology Update.
Ontological addiction theory: Attachment to me, mine, and I.
Van Gordon, William, Shonin, Edo, Diouri, Sofiane, Garcia-Campayo, Javier, Kotera, Y. and Griffiths, Mark D. 2018. Ontological addiction theory: Attachment to me, mine, and I. Journal of Behavioral Addictions. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.45
Mental health of UK university business students: Relationship with shame, motivation and self-compassion
Kotera, Y., Conway, E. and Van Gordon, William 2018. Mental health of UK university business students: Relationship with shame, motivation and self-compassion. Journal of Education for Business. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2018.1496898
Exploring emptiness and its effects on non-attachment, mystical experiences, and psycho-spiritual wellbeing: a quantitative and qualitative study of advanced meditators.
Van Gordon, William, Shonin, Edo, Dunn, Thomas J., Sapthiang, Supakyada, Kotera, Y., Garcia-Campayo, Javier and Sheffield, David 2018. Exploring emptiness and its effects on non-attachment, mystical experiences, and psycho-spiritual wellbeing: a quantitative and qualitative study of advanced meditators. Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2018.12.003
Mindfulness: the art of being human
Van Gordon, William and Shonin, Edo 2017. Mindfulness: the art of being human. Mindfulness. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0819-6
Forget cancer, let's MOVE: a behaviour change support model for physical activity for young people during and after cancer
Cross, Ainslea, Sheffield, David and Elander, James 2017. Forget cancer, let's MOVE: a behaviour change support model for physical activity for young people during and after cancer. Health Psychology Update.
The Mandala of the present moment.
Van Gordon, William, Shonin, Edo and Garcia-Campayo, Javier 2017. The Mandala of the present moment. Mindfulness. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0779-x
Zen and the art of living mindfully: The health-enhancing potential of zen aesthetics
Lomas, Tim, Etcoff, Nancy L., Van Gordon, William and Shonin, Edo 2017. Zen and the art of living mindfully: The health-enhancing potential of zen aesthetics. Journal of Religion and Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0446-5
How do cultural factors influence the teaching and practice of mindfulness and compassion in Latin countries?
Garcia-Campayo, Javier, Demarzo, Marcelo, Shonin, Edo and Van Gordon, William 2017. How do cultural factors influence the teaching and practice of mindfulness and compassion in Latin countries? Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01161
Meditation awareness training for the treatment of workaholism: A controlled trial
Van Gordon, William, Shonin, Edo, Dunn, Thomas J., Garcia-Campayo, Javier, Demarzo, Marcelo and Griffiths, Mark D. 2017. Meditation awareness training for the treatment of workaholism: A controlled trial. Journal of Behavioral Addictions. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.021
Are there adverse effects associated with mindfulness?
Van Gordon, William, Shonin, Edo and Garcia-Campayo, Javier 2017. Are there adverse effects associated with mindfulness? Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867417716309
Managing multiple goals during fertility treatment: An interpretative phenomenological analysis
Phillips, Elly, Elander, James and Montague, Jane 2013. Managing multiple goals during fertility treatment: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of Health Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105312474915
An interpretative phenomenological analysis of men’s and women’s coping strategy selection during early IVF treatment
Phillips, Elly, Elander, James and Montague, Jane 2014. An interpretative phenomenological analysis of men’s and women’s coping strategy selection during early IVF treatment. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2014.915391
Reflecting the transition from pain management services to chronic pain support group attendance: An interpretative phenomenological analysis
Finlay, Katherine A. and Elander, James 2016. Reflecting the transition from pain management services to chronic pain support group attendance: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. British Journal of Health Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12194
Motivational and behavioural models of change: A longitudinal analysis of change among men with chronic haemophilia-related joint pain
Elander, James, Richardson, Cassandra, Morris, John, Robinson, Georgina and Schofield, M. 2017. Motivational and behavioural models of change: A longitudinal analysis of change among men with chronic haemophilia-related joint pain. European Journal of Pain. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1040
Relationship between types of work motivation and worker profile in UK hospitality workers.
Kotera, Y., Adhikari, Prateek and Van Gordon, William 2017. Relationship between types of work motivation and worker profile in UK hospitality workers. Global Academic Excellence.
Development and validation of a short-form Pain Medication Attitudes Questionnaire (PMAQ-14)
Elander, James, Said, Omimah, Maratos, Frances A., Dys, Ada, Collins, Hannah and Schofield, M. 2017. Development and validation of a short-form Pain Medication Attitudes Questionnaire (PMAQ-14). Pain. 158 (3), pp. 400-407. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000773
An assessment of the relative influence of pain coping, negative thoughts about pain, and pain acceptance on health-related quality of life among people with hemophilia
Elander, James, Robinson, Georgina, Mitchell, Kathryn and Morris, John 2009. An assessment of the relative influence of pain coping, negative thoughts about pain, and pain acceptance on health-related quality of life among people with hemophilia. Pain. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2009.06.004
Competence-based training and assessment by portfolio: the health psychology model
Elander, James, Fox, Pauline and Towell, Tony 2007. Competence-based training and assessment by portfolio: the health psychology model. Psychology Learning & Teaching. https://doi.org/10.2304/plat.2007.6.2.73
In search of an authorial identity
Elander, James 2015. In search of an authorial identity. The Psychologist.
A review of evidence about behavioural and psychological aspects of chronic joint pain among people with haemophilia
Elander, James 2014. A review of evidence about behavioural and psychological aspects of chronic joint pain among people with haemophilia. Haemophilia. https://doi.org/10.1111/hae.12291
Academics’ understandings of the authorial academic writer: a qualitative analysis of authorial identity
Cheung, Kevin Yet Fong, Elander, James, Stupple, Edward J. N. and Flay, Mike 2016. Academics’ understandings of the authorial academic writer: a qualitative analysis of authorial identity. Studies in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2016.1264382
Development of the critical thinking toolkit (CriTT): A measure of student attitudes and beliefs about critical thinking
Stupple, Edward J. N., Maratos, Frances A., Elander, James, Hunt, Thomas E., Cheung, Kevin Yet Fong and Aubeeluck, Aimee 2016. Development of the critical thinking toolkit (CriTT): A measure of student attitudes and beliefs about critical thinking. Thinking Skills and Creativity. 23, pp. 91-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2016.11.007
Development and validation of the student attitudes and beliefs about authorship scale: a psychometrically robust measure of authorial identity
Cheung, Kevin Yet Fong, Stupple, Edward J. N. and Elander, James 2015. Development and validation of the student attitudes and beliefs about authorship scale: a psychometrically robust measure of authorial identity. Studies in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2015.1034673
Effects of a pain self-management intervention combining written and video elements on health-related quality of life among people with different levels of education
Elander, James and Stalker, C. 2015. Effects of a pain self-management intervention combining written and video elements on health-related quality of life among people with different levels of education. Journal of Pain Research. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S85741
In search of critical thinking in psychology: an exploration of student and lecturer understandings in higher education
Duro, Elaine, Elander, James, Maratos, Frances A., Stupple, Edward J. N. and Aubeeluck, Aimee 2013. In search of critical thinking in psychology: an exploration of student and lecturer understandings in higher education. Psychology Learning & Teaching. 12 (3). https://doi.org/10.2304/plat.2013.12.3.275
Predictors of painkiller dependence among people with pain in the general population
Elander, James, Duarte, Joana, Maratos, Frances A. and Gilbert, Paul 2013. Predictors of painkiller dependence among people with pain in the general population. Pain Medicine. 15 (4), p. 613–624. https://doi.org/10.1111/pme.12263
A brief haemophilia pain coping questionnaire
Elander, James and Robinson, Georgina 2008. A brief haemophilia pain coping questionnaire. Haemophilia. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2516.2008.01822.x
A qualitative analysis of psychological processes mediating quality of life impairments in chronic daily headache
Tenhunen, K. and Elander, James 2005. A qualitative analysis of psychological processes mediating quality of life impairments in chronic daily headache. Journal of Health Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105305051425
Pain management and symptoms of substance dependence among patients with sickle cell disease
Elander, James, Lusher, Joanne, Bevan, David and Telfer, Paul 2003. Pain management and symptoms of substance dependence among patients with sickle cell disease. Social Science and Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00553-1
Understanding the causes of problematic pain management in sickle cell disease: evidence that pseudoaddiction plays a more important role than genuine analgesic dependence
Elander, James, Lusher, Joanne, Bevan, David, Telfer, Paul and Burton, Bernice 2004. Understanding the causes of problematic pain management in sickle cell disease: evidence that pseudoaddiction plays a more important role than genuine analgesic dependence. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2003.12.001
Complex skills and academic writing: a review of evidence about the types of learning required to meet core assessment criteria
Elander, James, Harrington, Katherine, Norton, Lin, Robinson, Hannah and Reddy, Peter 2006. Complex skills and academic writing: a review of evidence about the types of learning required to meet core assessment criteria. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602930500262379
Factors affecting hospital staff judgments about sickle cell disease pain
Elander, James, Marczewska, Malgorzata, Amos, Roger, Thomas, Aldine and Tangayi, Sekayi 2006. Factors affecting hospital staff judgments about sickle cell disease pain. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-005-9042-3
Effects of area and family deprivation on risk factors for teenage pregnancy among 13 – 15-year-old girls
Smith, Debbie M. and Elander, James 2006. Effects of area and family deprivation on risk factors for teenage pregnancy among 13 – 15-year-old girls. Psychology, Health & Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548500500429353
Student beliefs and attitudes about authorial identity in academic writing
Pittam, Gail, Elander, James, Lusher, Joanne, Fox, Pauline and Payne, Nicola 2009. Student beliefs and attitudes about authorial identity in academic writing. Studies in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070802528270
Development and evaluation of an intervention to improve further education students' understanding of higher education assessment criteria: three studies
Jessen, Anna and Elander, James 2011. Development and evaluation of an intervention to improve further education students' understanding of higher education assessment criteria: three studies. Journal of Further and Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/03098770903272461
New lecturers' beliefs about learning, teaching and assessment in higher education: the role of the PGCLTHE programme
Norton, Lin, Aiyegbayo, Olaojo, Harrington, Katherine, Elander, James and Reddy, Peter 2011. New lecturers' beliefs about learning, teaching and assessment in higher education: the role of the PGCLTHE programme. Innovations in Education and Teaching International. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2010.518426
Dyslexia, authorial identity, and approaches to learning and writing: a mixed methods study
Kinder, Julianne and Elander, James 2011. Dyslexia, authorial identity, and approaches to learning and writing: a mixed methods study. British Journal of Educational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8279.2011.02026.x
Randomized trial of a DVD intervention to improve readiness to self-manage joint pain
Elander, James, Robinson, Georgina and Morris, John 2011. Randomized trial of a DVD intervention to improve readiness to self-manage joint pain. Pain. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2011.06.026
Evaluation of an intervention to help students avoid unintentional plagiarism by improving their authorial identity
Elander, James, Pittam, Gail, Lusher, Joanne, Fox, Pauline and Payne, Nicola 2010. Evaluation of an intervention to help students avoid unintentional plagiarism by improving their authorial identity. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602930802687745