Predictors of painkiller dependence among people with pain in the general population
Journal article
Authors | Elander, James, Duarte, Joana, Maratos, Frances A. and Gilbert, Paul |
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Abstract | Aims: Self-medication with painkillers is widespread and increasing, and evidence about influences on painkiller dependence is needed to inform efforts to prevent and treat problem painkiller use. Design: Online questionnaire survey. Participants: People in the general population who had pain and used painkillers in the last month (n=112). Measurements: Pain frequency and intensity, use of over-the-counter and prescription painkillers, risk of substance abuse (SOAPP scale), depression, anxiety, stress, alexithymia, pain catastrophizing, pain anxiety, pain self-efficacy, pain acceptance, mindfulness, self-compassion, and painkiller dependence (Leeds Dependence Questionnaire). Findings: In multiple regression, the independent predictors of painkiller dependence were prescription painkiller use (ß 0.21), SOAPP score (ß 0.31), and pain acceptance (ß -0.29). Prescription painkiller use mediated the influence of pain intensity. Alexithymia, anxiety and pain acceptance all moderated the influence of pain. Conclusions: The people most at risk of developing painkiller dependence are those who use prescription painkillers more frequently, who have a prior history of substance-related problems more generally, and who are less accepting of pain. Based on these findings, a preliminary model is presented with three types of influence on the development of painkiller dependence: a) pain leading to painkiller use, b) risk factors for substance-related problems irrespective of pain, and c) psychological factors related to pain. The model could guide further research among the general population and high risk groups, and acceptance-based interventions could be adapted and evaluated as methods to prevent and treat painkiller dependence. |
Keywords | Analgesics; Addiction; painkillers |
Year | 2013 |
Journal | Pain Medicine |
Journal citation | 15 (4), p. 613–624 |
Publisher | Oxford Academic |
ISSN | 15262375 |
Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.1111/pme.12263 |
Web address (URL) | https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article/15/4/613/1930672 |
http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/pme.12263 | |
http://hdl.handle.net/10545/550875 | |
hdl:10545/550875 | |
Output status | Published |
Publication dates | 09 Apr 2014 |
Publication process dates | |
Deposited | 29 Apr 2015 |
Rights | Archived with thanks to Pain Medicine |
Contributors | University of Derby, University of Derby, Coimbra University, Coimbra, Portugal, University of Derby and University of Derby |
File | File Access Level Open |
File | File Access Level Open |
File | File Access Level Open |
File | File Access Level Open |
File | File Access Level Open |
https://repository.derby.ac.uk/item/92781/predictors-of-painkiller-dependence-among-people-with-pain-in-the-general-population
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