A comprehensive toxicological analysis of panel of unregulated e-cigarettes to human health

Electronic cigarettes, commonly referred to as e-cigarettes have gained popularity over recent years especially
among young individuals. In the light of the escalating prevalence of the use of these products and their potential
for long-term health effects, in this study as the first of its kind a comprehensive toxicological profiling of the
liquid from a panel of unregulated e-cigarettes seized in the UK was undertaken using an in vitro co-culture model
of the upper airways. The data showed that e-cigarettes caused a dose dependent increase in cell death and
inflammation manifested by enhanced release of IL1ß and IL6. Furthermore, the e-cigarettes induced oxidative
stress as demonstrated by a reduction of intracellular glutathione and an increase in generation of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, the assessment of genotoxicity showed significant DNA strand breaks (following
exposure to Tigerblood flavoured e-cigarette). Moreover, relevant to the toxicological observations, was the
detection of varying and frequently high levels of hazardous metals including cadmium, copper, nickel and lead.
This study highlights the importance of active and ongoing collaborations between academia, governmental
organisations and policy makers (Trading standards, Public Health) and national health service in tackling vape
addiction and better informing the general public regarding the risks associated with e-cigarette usage.