A comprehensive toxicological analysis of panel of unregulated e-cigarettes to human health

Journal article

Guraka, A., Mierlea, S., Drake, S., Shawa, T. S., Waldron, S., Corcoran, M., Dowse, D., Walkman, D., Burn, L., Sivasubramaniam, S. and Kermanizadeh, A. 2024. A comprehensive toxicological analysis of panel of unregulated e-cigarettes to human health. Toxicology. 509, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2024.153964
AuthorsGuraka, A., Mierlea, S., Drake, S., Shawa, T. S., Waldron, S., Corcoran, M., Dowse, D., Walkman, D., Burn, L., Sivasubramaniam, S. and Kermanizadeh, A.
Abstract

Electronic cigarettes, commonly referred to as e-cigarettes have gained popularity over recent years especially
among young individuals. In the light of the escalating prevalence of the use of these products and their potential
for long-term health effects, in this study as the first of its kind a comprehensive toxicological profiling of the
liquid from a panel of unregulated e-cigarettes seized in the UK was undertaken using an in vitro co-culture model
of the upper airways. The data showed that e-cigarettes caused a dose dependent increase in cell death and
inflammation manifested by enhanced release of IL1ß and IL6. Furthermore, the e-cigarettes induced oxidative
stress as demonstrated by a reduction of intracellular glutathione and an increase in generation of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, the assessment of genotoxicity showed significant DNA strand breaks (following
exposure to Tigerblood flavoured e-cigarette). Moreover, relevant to the toxicological observations, was the
detection of varying and frequently high levels of hazardous metals including cadmium, copper, nickel and lead.
This study highlights the importance of active and ongoing collaborations between academia, governmental
organisations and policy makers (Trading standards, Public Health) and national health service in tackling vape
addiction and better informing the general public regarding the risks associated with e-cigarette usage.

KeywordsUnregulated e-cigarettes; In vitro; Pulmonary toxicity; Inflammation; Oxidative stress; Genotoxicity
Year2024
JournalToxicology
Journal citation509, pp. 1-12
PublisherElseiver
ISSN1879-3185
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2024.153964
Web address (URL)https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300483X24002452?via%3Dihub
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Deposited03 Oct 2024
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The global variability of diatomaceous earth toxicity: A physicochemical and in vitro investigation
Nattrass, C., Horwell, C.J., Damby, D.E., Kermanizadeh, A., Brown, D.M. and Stone, V. 2015. The global variability of diatomaceous earth toxicity: A physicochemical and in vitro investigation. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology. Vol 10 (Issue 1, Article: 23). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-015-0064-7
Nanotoxicology
Dominique Balharry, Eva Gubbins, Helinor Johnston, Kermanizadeh, A. and Vicki Stone 2015. Nanotoxicology. in: Nanoparticles in the Lung Boca Raton CRC Press.
The role of intracellular redox imbalance in nanomaterial induced cellular damage and genotoxicity: A review
Kermanizadeh, A., Chauché, C., Brown, D.M., Loft, S. and Møller, P. 2014. The role of intracellular redox imbalance in nanomaterial induced cellular damage and genotoxicity: A review. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. Vol 56 (Issue 2), pp. 111 - 124. https://doi.org/10.1002/em.21926
Synergistic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and fatty acids on toxicity to caco-2 cells
Cao, Y., Roursgaard, M., Kermanizadeh, A., Loft, S. and Møller, P. 2014. Synergistic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and fatty acids on toxicity to caco-2 cells. International Journal of Toxicology. Vol 34 (Issue 1), pp. 67 - 76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1091581814560032
The role of p53 in lung macrophages following exposure to a panel of manufactured nanomaterials
Belade, E., Chrusciel, S., Armand, L., Simon-Deckers, A., Bussy, C., Caramelle, P., Gagliolo, J.-M., Boyer, L., Lanone, S., Pairon, J.-C., Kermanizadeh, A. and Boczkowski, J. 2014. The role of p53 in lung macrophages following exposure to a panel of manufactured nanomaterials. Archives of toxicology. Vol 89 (Issue 9), pp. 1543 - 1556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-014-1324-5
Role of oxidative stress in carbon nanotube-generated health effects
Møller, P., Christophersen, D.V., Jensen, D.M., Kermanizadeh, A., Roursgaard, M., Jacobsen, N.R., Hemmingsen, J.G., Danielsen, P.H., Cao, Y., Jantzen, K., Klingberg, H., Hersoug, L.-G. and Loft, S. 2014. Role of oxidative stress in carbon nanotube-generated health effects. Archives of toxicology. Vol 88 (Issue 11), pp. 1939 - 1964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-014-1356-x
Measurement of oxidative damage to DNA in nanomaterial exposed cells and animals
Møller, P., Jensen, D.M., Christophersen, D.V., Kermanizadeh, A., Jacobsen, N.R., Hemmingsen, J.G., Danielsen, P.H., Karottki, D.G., Roursgaard, M., Cao, Y., Jantzen, K., Klingberg, H., Hersoug, L.-G. and Loft, S. 2014. Measurement of oxidative damage to DNA in nanomaterial exposed cells and animals. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. Vol 56 (Issue 2), pp. 97 - 110. https://doi.org/10.1002/em.21899
Applications of the comet assay in particle toxicology: Air pollution and engineered nanomaterials exposure
Møller, P., Hemmingsen, J.G., Jensen, D.M., Danielsen, P.H., Karottki, D.G., Jantzen, K., Roursgaard, M., Cao, Y., Kermanizadeh, A., Klingberg, H., Christophersen, D.V., Hersoug, L.-G. and Loft, S. 2014. Applications of the comet assay in particle toxicology: Air pollution and engineered nanomaterials exposure. Mutagenesis. Vol 30 (Issue 1), p. 67–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/mutage/geu035
Hepatic toxicology following single and multiple exposure of engineered nanomaterials utilising a novel primary human 3D liver microtissue model
Kermanizadeh, A., Løhr, M., Roursgaard, M., Messner, S., Gunness, P., Kelm, J.M., Møller, P., Stone, V. and Loft, S. 2014. Hepatic toxicology following single and multiple exposure of engineered nanomaterials utilising a novel primary human 3D liver microtissue model. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. Vol 11 (Issue 1, Article: 56). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-014-0056-2
The role of Kupffer cells in the hepatic response to silver nanoparticles.
Kermanizadeh, A., Chauché, C., Balharry, D., Brown, D. M., Kanase, N., Boczkowski, J., Lanone, S. and Stone, V. 2013. The role of Kupffer cells in the hepatic response to silver nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology. 1 (1), pp. 149-154. https://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2013.866284